Explain how an organisation could ensure its staff selection procedure promotes equal opportunities

An organisation can ensure the selection equal to making sure it is non-discriminatory. This means that all staff are selected by their ability in work ethics and their resume rather than protected characteristic, such as; age, marital status, sexual orientation, race, disability, religion and etc. For example, an interviewer cannot choose a candidate based on their race. All candidate are given a fair interview procedure. This can be done by the interview panel being mixed, having pre-listed questions or having interviews at different times and an accessible location. When regarding advertisement the organisation would need to focus on making their platform is diverse in order for it to be open up to the wide audience. The advertisement should not be limited to particular cultures or language. It should be based on the candidate resume and work ethic. Therefore, it is vital that the organisation are aware of the language they are using when advertising. The organisation having mixed panel would enable an equal chance for the interviewee because the others might balance it out and focus on the skills and qualities of the interviewee. The mixed panel consists of having a diverse panel, such as; gender, culture, disability, age and ethnicity. By having a mixed gender and culture panel can ensure that the interviewee is protected from prejudice viewpoint. An example to show the effectiveness of mixed panel interview in a selection procedure would be one interviewer having a prejudice feeling towards the interviewee and hopefully, the others can balance it. Thus creating a fairer interview for the interviewee. The one-to-one interview can cause hostility and less fairness than a mixed panel because it enables the interviewer to be in control. Whilst mixed panel has a majority decision. A second interview process that the organisation would use to make sure that their staff selection procedure is equal is having pre-listed questions. Pre-set questions make sure that everyone being interviewed is asked the same questions in order to promote equality. It made sure that the interviewer cannot ask questions that discriminate against the interviewee. For example, women being asked their being asked about their marital status. A pre-listed question would make it equal and easy to judge between the interviewees because all of the candidates would be asked the same questions. Therefore, eliminating prejudice or discriminatory questions the interviewee may be asked by the interviewer. This is because pre-listed questions are already determined questions. Thus making it standardised and more equal for the interviewees because they would be all be asked the same questions and none of them would be discriminated or given special treatment. The last interview procedure is having an interview at different times and if possible for the organisation to have its inaccessible locations. Interviews should be held in a range of times. This would granted that everyone has the time to go for an interview. It is not limiting the number of interviewees. Avoiding different slots such as 3pm-4pm due to parents picking up their children from school. For the location, it is not necessary to have five different locations but the location should be clear and if possible in more than one place. Wheelchair users should be able to access the building in order to give them an equal chance of applying for the job. Thus making sure that the organisation is promoting equality in their staff selection procedure. When advertising for job applicants the organisation to make sure that there advert is not gender restricted. This means that the advert should not be seeking one gender over the other. Using one word such as ‘waitresses needed’ can imply that the applicants must only be female rather than a mixed gender. To overcome this the organisation should use unisex words to describe professions, such as; doctors, actors, teachers, bar worker and etc. By doing this the organisation would not be limiting the number of applicants because they have opened the advertisement to both genders. It is vital that an organisation is aware of the advertising platform they are using because if they were to advert in specific broadcasting which would limit those that are not familiar with it. For example, if the organisation choose to advertise in a French newspaper. This would disadvantage those that want to apply for a job that is not familiar with the newspaper. Nevertheless, the advert should not demand a person that has a mother tongue that is French. This is due to that there are people that can speak fluently in French, however, their native tongue is not of French. The advert should head in a direction that says a ‘looking for a person fluent in French. ’ This would enable people with knowledge in French to apply. In general, the organisation should be aware of the language they use when advertising and the platform in order to promote an equal opportunity for all candidates applying for the job.

Future Criminology Essay

The advancements in technology have lead law enforcement officers to the rescue of an abducted child. Couple of decades ago law enforcement agencies did not have the technical resources such as the amber alert system as they do today. Technology has enables the United States of America to make positive changes in socialization of American citizens. Technology has also assisted the United States in preventing domestic terrorism. Law enforcement agencies have spent billions of dollars on technical logical equipment to aid in the defense of the country. Law enforcement agencies place heavy emphasis on advancing communication. As law enforcement officials try to improve communication through technology, criminals are advancing in cybercrimes. Many identity thefts are committed to the internet; scammers employ phishing techniques to gather personal information from people rather than criminals who rob mail boxes in order to gather personal information. As technology advances criminals adapt as well. This paper will display the positive aspect of future crime fighting as well as highlight the negative aspects. The direction of crime fighting has already been displayed by law enforcement agencies who are currently utilizing advanced technology. Law enforcement agencies have shifted focus on to social networks that have no limitations. Cybercrime has become very common in the American culture. In modern everyday life people utilize some source of technical logical communication device, which leaves the door open to advanced criminals. Cybercriminals posses the abilities to disassemble someone’s life, through personal information stored on communication devices. Cyber criminals usually search for social security numbers, names, birthdays, bank account numbers, and pin numbers. The perceptions of cybercrimes are considered to be an evolution of combined advancements in technology as well as identity theft, which has spread throug hout the world. Cybercrime victimizers’, target people who are less knowledgeable to the advancements of technology. Before the internet was created identity theft was as simple as stealing personal mail, and rummaging through trash cans. Cybercrime enables advanced criminals to make a fast profit with less chances of being caught. Computer  hackers have the ability to hack prohibited information such as bank servers, with the overall goal of achieving large amounts of money. Online scams such as phishing for personal information have become the trend among advancing criminals. Cybercriminals are typically known for thievery of personal data while trying to achieve a financial gain. Cybercriminals have designed websites that appear to be legitimate, but actually is quite the opposite. Cybercriminals have been gathering personal information through fake server windows with surveys, or something that would require all your personal information. According to National Crime Prevention, â€Å"An information broker, Choicepoint Inc., announced that an identity thief had hacked into their database and gained access to hundreds of thousands of documents. Some stolen information included full names, social security numbers, home addresses and credit reports (NCP, 2011).† A key to fighting off these advanced online crimes is awareness. One must be aware that the Internet is a powerful instrument and is used in many unscrupulous ways. Police agents currently devote an entire unit toward dealing with cybercrime. Private Citizens must also be proactive when dealing with their identity. For example, be aware of illegitimate companies, which wait for someone to provide his or her personal information. It is always a good idea to install security on computers that scan for hackers and other odd activity. Most important, be cautious when providing personal information to anyone on the Internet. The world we live in evolved to the point that we cannot assume an individual is trustworthy. That may be a sad reality, but taken very seriously. Cyber-criminals and their actions will certainly create social policy implications. For example, crime fighting may soon resemble that of a movie production. Crimes altogether become more technologically advanced, while cyb er-crimes begin to resemble crimes from a sci-fi atmosphere. According to Reyes, a team of researchers from Santa Clara University are developing predictive policing software (Reyes, 2011). Essentially, the high-tech software design is used to stop crime before it occurs. The high-tech software allows advancement and the upper hand on the criminal. The software also allows law enforcement to pinpoint a precise area where speculated crimes may occur. The crime is isolated or completely stopped before the damage begins. The software updates daily and provides current data, allowing police forces to position themselves before any  illegal activity begins. This may sound like an innovative tool that brings only a positive element, however, are these tools a way to cyber-profile individuals and allow law enforcement to make illogical assumptions based on probability? One must be aware that individuals are innocent until proven guilty, not innocent unless they meet a mathematical formula. The advancement in specific crime fighting methods is vital to the changing methods of criminal activity. Criminals are always looking for a ways to benefit themselves, so law enforcement agencies must shift to advance policing in order to stay a step ahead of criminal offenders. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a genetic material of a cell’s nucleus, which is a collection program that has become a great precision tool for law enforcement agencies to identify an alleged perpetrator or an alleged victim. The use of the DNA database is well known by society, because of the popular television shows such as Crime Scene Investigators (CSI), and Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS), which have provided society with examples as to how the DNA data base is utilized. The DNA data base is simply a tool to identify alleged criminals and or victims. According to forensic specialist, â€Å"The database may include profiles of suspects awaiting trial, people arrested, convicted offenders and identifying unknown remains and even members of law enforcement (Schmalleger, 2012)†. Biometrics is the science of analyzing biological data such as fingerprints, DNA, voice pattern recognition, retina scans and facial recognition programs for the purpose of human identification. It is quickly becoming the most accurate means to identify individuals. A typical biometric scanner consists of a scanning device, software that puts the scanned info into digital form and compares it against a database (NPR, 2013). Biometrics started back in China in the 14th century. They used ink to stamp young children’s palms and footprints on paper for identification purposes. In most of the world until the late 19th century, identifying a person relied upon a person’s memory or the use of crude drawings. In about 1890 a system was used that relied on certain body measurements to identify criminals. This did not work very well as it was discovered that it was not uncommon for several persons to have the same measurements. This system was replaced by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland Yard, whose fingerprint system provided a very accurate method of identification (Schmallager, 2012). The next generation of smart phones from  the Apple Corporation has a new operating system that moves biometric science into the consumer market. This new system uses a fingerprint scan technology to allow only the authorized user to operate it. Nowadays consumer’s whole lives are contained on phones including personal information, financial and credit information and addresses. Apple purchased a high-tech company named Authentec which specializes in fingerprint technology to develop this technology. This technology along with iris scan programs will surely have great impact on law enforcement agencies such as: who has access to sensitive areas, safes, thumb drives or documents. This may lead to limiting access to firearms and maybe even who can fire a specific weapon (CBC News, 2013). Another new biometric technology that is being used in stores is facial recognition programs. Some upscale stores use these to recognize wealthy or famous customers as they enter a store and relay this to store employees. This program recognizes a specific person entering a store and compares it against a database of celebrities, sports stars and wealthy customers. It also gives the buying histories, clothing sizes and potential new products they may want to the sales persons. This program is strictly voluntary by most stores as the potential VIP customers want to save time or just be pampered. New technology allows two dimensional images to be converted to three dimensional that can make almost foolproof identifications. This technology is being used by agencies in several cities in various ways to passively monitor the public for wanted individuals. Law enforcement has adopted these methods for their own use. It appears that in some cases they are letting the private sector enginee r these technologies then apply them for their own use (CBC News, 2013). Law enforcement needs to stay ahead of these new biometric technologies as criminals are now working on ways to defeat some of these technologies. One way criminals use to obtain a person’s fingerprints is off of a glass surface to gain access to computers or other fingerprint access systems. Another one is creative ways to disguise your face from facial recognition programs (CBC News, 2013). Computer crimes have risen dramatically in recent years. These are usually referred to as cybercrime. Spyware is most often used to gain access to information contained on a computer or computer system. Spyware is defined as software that sends information from a computer to a third party without consent of  the owner that is unwanted, uninvited or annoying. This can come with free software, file sharing applications or even games. Just visiting certain websites, also called drive-by, can install this software without your knowledge. Spyware is designed to find out what a person prefers buys and what they search for on the internet and allow its authors to make money from this information or possibly gain sensitive data from law enforcement or military computers (CBC News, 2013). The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and amended in the 2002 Patriot Act define computer espionage, trespassing and stealing information. These acts say it is a crime to knowingly counterfeit a device that allows unauthorized access to computer or telecommunication system, receive payments from persons with the intent to commit fraud or using illegally obtained credit card numbers (CBC, 2013). The Department of Homeland Security is working on new programs and having success in countermeasures for cybercrimes. In 2011 they prevented $1.5 billion in business losses and made 72 arrests for people involved in sexual abuse of children on the internet. Police agencies have been reluctant in the past to combat cybercrime as it is expensive and time consuming to investigate but some are now getting involved in identity theft, child molesting using the internet to gain access to children and credit card fraud (DHS, 2013). Mandatory DNA collection programs exist in all 50 states in one form or another. Most have laws mandating DNA collection for certain felony convictions and some for juvenile arrests. Some even allow collections prior to convictions as in California. California is being challenged in court by lawsuits by the ACLU. They feel that innocent persons are being forced to provide DNA samples. There is a DNA database called CODIS where agencies can browse data to identify suspects in crimes. This system allows agencies to positively identify or eliminate suspects (Legal Match, 2013). Unfortunately, the reason that law enforcement evolves is often due to an unforeseen tragedy. For example, after the 9/11 tragedy the â€Å"Homeland Security Advisory System† was introduced. It was a color-coded system that communicated a â€Å"terrorist threat level to federal and local agencies and throughout communities. The system was introduced in 2002 by Security Chief Tom Ridge (Reclaim Democracy, 2011). As is often the case when such controversial initiatives are brought forth, mixed views are common. Every U.S. citizen maintained a heightened sense of awareness and  fear in regard to terrorism. In that sense, this initiative allowed for both federal and local agencies to work together toward their goal of eliminating terrorist threats, and allowed a roadmap for daily operations. Threat levels were assigned to each suspect and federal agencies would act depending upon the level of the individual threat by implementing protective measures. Obviously, advocates of this plan argue that it leads to a safer environment because security agencies are adequately inf ormed. However, one must also consider if these measures protect citizens or instill fear in them. One cannot argue that technology and skill levels have not evolved. However, just because the technology and skill exists, does that mean that society is better when they are put into action? One could argue that it is arbitrary to label individuals based on a color code, what does it take for them to move to the next category? One must also be advised that the individuals in charge of determining the color coding system may have had their own political agenda. For example, raising the terror threat level to extreme on the one-year anniversary of 9/11 may have been necessary, but may have been a political move to gain confidence of the public? Some critics argue the system drummed up support for wars and additional federal powers. As security technology continues to evolve one document must not be overlooked, The Security Enhancement Act. While the document design was to improve homeland security and provide comfort to the citizenry, its consequences raise many questions. The act revoked portions of the Freedom of Information Act: in which society posses the right to achieve information pertaining to a friend or family member who is detained by the federal government for any action that can be considered to be terrorism. The American government can mandate whether or not they think citizens deserve information. Also, an individual could lose their citizenship upon â€Å"participating in or providing material support to a terrorist† (Reclaim Democracy, 2011). A vital element of this act is that it would allow the government to force citizens to submit to DNA samples if they are a suspected terrorist. Evolving technology provides a wealth of knowledge and understanding in regard to halting criminal activity. It provides methods that allow for quick response and action and can lead to a safer environment for people. However, one must consider the difference between technological advances and invasion of privacy. There is little doubt that getting a mouth swab for a DNA sample is  an effective method but it is certainly not perfect. It would be foolish not to consider that many DNA samples taint easily by not following procedures. This must be considered because imperfect humans are collecting the data. Also, because of the large amount of samples tested, at what point does the sample become outdated and need resubmission. If an individual submitted to an initial test, is it constitutional or ethical to mandate that they retest? There are constitutional amendments that are discussed and not disregarded because our nation suffered a tragedy. That tragedy must not be forgotten, but it is ill-advised to use one event as a predictor of all future events. That is why law enforcement must be careful when they seek to predict crime before it occurs. If the crime does not occur taxpayer funds go to waste. There is a fine line between protecting society and intruding upon its citizens. There must be awareness that while technology has advanced and aided society, the tests are still administered by humans who may serve his or her own needs over that of society. No matter how far individuals evolve technologically, society must proceed with caution because society may never be able to measure the intent of those operating the equipment. Evolving technology advancements and the future of crime fighting does not come without a fight. There are many individuals who question the intent of ethics of using proactive crime fighting methods. For instance, some individuals may feel that their rights are violated with the use of DNA, the government having access to personal information, and wide databases of information that have the chance of being hacked. It is not the intent of the government to have technology used against society; however, it is possible. Different groups and organizations claim that the use of advanced technology is just the beginning of a new conspiracy act. It is not only the concerned citizens of the United States who struggle with the openness of private information but also international groups as well as policy makers. It is thought that as technology advances policymakers will have to go the extra step to be proactive in the different inventions and programs to cheat or confuse technological advancements. According to Schmalleger (2012) â€Å"Opposing ideological lines have divided our efforts to develop comprehensive anticrime programs. Deep fissures in our social fabric have contributed to conflicting attitudes about crime and its control.† Countries that pride themselves in advanced technology, feared by other  nations. Just as the Bush administrations proved, technological warfare is on the bri nk of mass destructive devices (National Crime Prevention Council, 2012). While many individuals use technology as a way to prevent crime, some countries may ultimately use technology for total destruction. Whether society is fighting cybercrimes, using technology to fight future crimes, using technological advancements to predict crime, or allowing technology to lead the efforts of policymakers, technology has proved to be an advancement that does not come without deficits. Technology can make or break a country, but it can also divide nations and leave room for doubt. As technology advances, the prevention of crimes must also advance. It is not enough to assume that technological programs and breakthroughs will be enough to control crime. Crime control taken seriously and proactive steps taken to keep each breakthrough safe and ethical will wreak many benefits. In conclusion, law enforcement agencies are pointing in the positive direction for combating future crimes. The advancement of technological equipment in law enforcement is designed to enhance communication in aspects of imagery, and audio. Law enforcement agencies are already utilizing advanced imagery to resurrect a crime scene. The resurrection of a crime scene could possibly yield elaborate information leading to the apprehension of the offender. The overall perception in law enforcement will continue to be the same philosophy to apprehend alleged criminals. Technology aids local law enforcement officials in community policing, with surveillance placed in social common areas in aspiration to deter crime; too also act as a witness to committed crimes in the radius view of the camera. Law enforcement agencies will continue to strive for improvements in combat ing crime. References CBC News, (2013). New Apple Iphone Pushes Biometrics into the Mainstream. Retrieved from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/new-apple-iphone-pushes-biometrics-into-the-mainstream-1.1702041 Department of Homeland Security, (2013). Combating Cyber-Crime. Retrieved from: http://www.dhs.gov/combat-cyber-crime Legal Match, (2013). Mandatory DNA Sampling. Retrieved from: http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/mandatory-dna-sampling-in-a-cri

Personality and state of mind Essay

The use of knowledge in Victor’s character is magnified in the monster – they need to know more and have a thirst to succeed.  In other ways, the two individuals are inversions of each other. Victor is described by Walton as being young and handsome; an intelligent man, with a good personality and state of mind. The monster, however, as explained in a quote above, has the physical appearance of being ugly, inhuman and beastly, certainly a quality common in an evil doppelnger. Victor seems to be, from his narrative, arrogant, selfish and antisocial, whereas the monster is selfless with a want to be sociable. For this reason, it could be possible to presume Victor as the monster’s doppelgnger instead of the other way around. After all, Victor does not have the courage to acknowledge his mistakes, when the monster openly accuses himself and accepts that he has done wrong.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am alone, and miserable; man will not associate with me; but one as deformed and horrible as myself would not deny herself to me. My companion must be of the same species, and have the same defects. This being you must create.† MONSTER â€Å"You must create a female for me, with whom I can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for my being. This you alone can do; and I demand it of you as a right which you must not refuse to concede.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I returned home, and entering the house, presented myself to the family. My haggard and wild appearance awoke intense alarm †¦ I had no right to claim their sympathies.† These three quotes from the monster and Victor’s narratives give more information concerning the two characters.  Victor is surprised when he hears the monster is not an evil being, craving for the destruction of anything in his path, but a tender human. The fact that the monster is miserable is Victor’s fault. He created the monster with his deformities without thinking of the consequences and he rejected him. Victor denies any tie with his creation, so saying that a mate of the same species would not deny herself to the monster could be tactical blackmail in order to persuade Victor to honour his request. Up until the conclusion of the story, Victor says nothing of his flaws, yet the first time the monster is able to speak; he acknowledges that he has faults, physically and mentally, as we all do. The parent/child relationship between them is reversed at this stage because the monster is ordering Victor to grant his request, although by asking this, he is being selfish, who is to say that his created companion will want to love him and be with him? This is a quality that is seen in Victor from the beginning. The monster has ideas about what love is and what is should be, taken from the DeLaceys – even though they are in poverty, they love each other and are happy. In fact, loneliness is not necessarily implied when a person is alone, but loneliness can breed in large groups of people. The monster, even though he is demanding of Victor, is pleading for help and does not have the power to give himself what he thinks he needs to be happy. He has no one else to turn to. Shelley uses a number of double negatives, such as in the second quote above; â€Å"you must not refuse to concede†; which could stand for the monster and Victor.  During the third quote, Victor is experiencing what it is like to be the monster. Because of his appearance, he does not deserve sympathy or any sort of compassion. Does this make Victor a more terrible person that the monster? So far, I have only explored the reasons for Frankenstein being the monster. What I have written has no relevance what so ever to the 21st century, or does it?  Victor, in a late piece of his narrative, refers twice to the consequences of his actions and how his scientific discoveries would affect the future.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A race of devils would be propagated upon the earth, who might make the very existence of the species of man a condition precarious and full of terror. Had I a right, for my own benefit, to inflict this curse upon further generations?† VICTOR This links very closely with designer babies. By this time, Victor has lost all previously earned sympathy for the monster and seems to have learned from his previous mistakes.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I shuddered to think that future ages might curse me as their pest, whose selfishness had not hesitated to buy its own piece at the price, perhaps, of the existence of the whole human race.† This is the first section of the novel in which Victor has taken some responsibility for his careless behaviour. This can also be contrasted with Victors hopes and dreams of fame as a young man venturing into the world of science.  Frankenstein wanted to create something perfect – elite – something that could take over the world, which is linked to designer babies. ‘Designer babies’ is an issue that we are being faced with now in our society. Questions raised against the notion include: Is it moral? Are we playing God? Is if fair? How far are we prepared to go? What are the constraints of science? Where is the diversity of human spirit? Does it reflect fascism?  However, there are also people who believe in the thought, promoting questions like: Why not move forward with technology? How do we know what will happen if we don’t find out? What is wrong with bringing happiness into people’s lives? Who are we to say stop?  We have no answers to the questions being asked, but overall, there seems to be a negative opinion concerning the concept. People argue that children born under these circumstances could be discriminated against. There is also unfairness involved, because such procedures cost money, although, it could allow couples to have a child when otherwise they may not have been able to. Unfortunately, this takes money away from other sectors of public and private healthcare, for example, cancer research.  Cloning could bring the physicality of a person back to life, which is exactly what Victor did.  The same kinds of questions are raised with cloning as with designer babies: Is it ethical? What is the reason for it? Is it natural? What is to stop an elite force being created?

Investigation and Analysis of Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investigation and Analysis of Technology - Essay Example The practise of using social media platforms for various purposes has increased with time. Social media platforms have become avenues for social communication and interaction. In fact, socialisation has increased tremendously as more people become connected to the internet. Facebook, Online gaming, and Twitter are considered the most widely used social media platforms. Millions of people across the world spend considerable time on social platforms interacting in different contexts. Making friends has been reduced to a click of a button. Using social media makes it possible to communicate and share information to many people simultaneously. Additionally, it makes it easy to follow news updates, emerging issues and interact with the world with ease. Online gaming such as Sony PlayStation Network (PSN) offers an entertainment and recreational platform. Twitter on the other hand offers a platform for quick and instant sharing of real time information for socialisation and other contexts as well (Ryan 2-4; Smith 6-7; Christakis and Fowler Web). However, the practice of overwhelming dependency on social media raises alarm as reality sets in. For instance, natural socialisation where people meet face-to-face has been greatly hampered. Overuse of Facebook as a social platform has greatly hampered natural socialisation. ... ent experienced when interacting naturally is evidently missing when social media platforms are used for interaction (Smith 15-17; Christakis and Fowler). Online gamers have been signalled for neglecting their human instincts as they become increasingly addicted to online games. Korea is one of the countries with high number of online gamers. Incidences have been reported whereby, a mother supposedly let her child die of hunger as she was busy feeding an online child. Another person shot his mother when she interrupted his online game and actually stole her credit card to purchase more gaming time. Another child fell on a rail track when playing video game while walking (Smith 1-3). The greatest trade-off, however, is compromise on health. Cases of obesity, overweight and sedentary lifestyles have been greatly attributed to overwhelming use of social media platforms. For instance, many people spend countless hours chatting on Facebook without considering the health implications. Lack of exercise becomes a predisposing factor to so many diseases and health conditions. The situation is even worsened by the fact that many people use social medial platforms for recreation after spending much time sitting in office chairs. Ideally, increased used of social networking has resulted in increased health problems (Ryan 7-11; (Christakis and Fowler Web). For this essay, I interviewed a few of my friends who are of my age. Additionally, interviewed two of my neighbours, who are about 50 years to see what they think of social networking. It was disturbing to see the difference in opinions between these two groups. My friends felt that social networking was the best thing that ever happened to them. According to one of my friends, â€Å"I can have as many identities as possible without

How can managers and employees rethink their organizations even as Essay

How can managers and employees rethink their organizations even as they confront the need to downsize - Essay Example Maertz, Wiley, LeRouge, and Campion (2010) learned that survivors of layoffs experienced the lowest levels of perceived organizational performance, job security, affective and calculative attachments to the organisation, and elevated turnover intentions than a non-downsizing comparison group. Mishra, Mishra, and Spreitzer (2009) presented a gripping question: â€Å"How can managers and employees rethink their organisations even as they confront the need to downsize?† Managers and employees can rethink their organisations by developing organisational flexibility as part of the organisational culture, empowering line managers and HR in helping design and lead organisational change efforts, promoting innovation and creativity, and enhancing communication with stakeholders. Rethinking organisations requires changing how downsizing is perceived and defined and one of the ways to do this is through developing organisational flexibility as part of the organisational culture. Mishra e t al. (2009) explained that flexibility can take different forms, such as work flexibility and management flexibility (41). They stressed: â€Å"Greater organisational flexibility can enhance human capital† (Mishra et al. 2009: 41). Enhanced organisational flexibility can take place when employees cross-train each other, while also engaging customers and suppliers. When employees and the management see organisational flexibility as part of organisational life and culture, they will be more prepared of organisational changes, including downsizing. Openness to changes is demonstrated through several cases. Mishra et al. (2009) gave the example of Rhino Foods Inc., a dessert producer in Burlington, Vermont, who created a strategic response to downsizing, which enhanced organisational flexibility. Ted Castle, Rhino Foods president, requested his best employees to volunteer for tasks outside the company, instead of just laying them off. He promised to rehire them when economic con ditions are better (Mishra et al. 2009: 41). Survivors had the opportunity to learn new knowledge and skills, so that they can replace lost employees. Rhino Foods continued this program, which expanded to five partner companies who hired Rhino employees during low-peak season. Mishra et al. (2009) believed that this practice enhanced organisational flexibility because the organisation discovers new talents. Organisational flexibility must be embedded in the organisational culture through work redesign and other transformed work patterns. The organisation must prepare employees and managers for openness to thinking about work, without losing sight of the strategies, mission and vision of the organisation. Organisational flexibility should be tied to psychological flexibility too. Lynch (1989) asserted that organisational flexibility requires re-examining work per se and how it can and should be done, the existing technologies, and the ways organisations are structured to do work. Thi s paper extends an understanding of future technologies and changing social patterns because they impact future organisational demands and the actions of competitors. Although organisational flexibility requires organisational level changes, they cannot be attained without meaningful individual-level changes. Bond, Flaxman and Bunce (2008: 645) define psychological flexibility as the â€Å"ability to focus on the present moment and, depending upon what the situation affords, persist with or change one’s (even inflexible, stereotypical) behaviour in the pursuit of goals and values.†

Raising Children in the Digital Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Raising Children in the Digital Age - Essay Example This essay describes the issue when television and the internet is being used in the schools, in social networking, and in the entertainment, cultural, as well as political arenas. Many children have become so engaged in using these media to the exclusion of others, and to the point where their dexterity in using these media have surpassed that of their parents. The researcher states that many concerns on the appropriate use of these media have been raised based on issues which relate to representations of sex and violence in the television as well as concerns on pornography and child endangerment. These concerns have prompted considerations on the implementation of age bans on the use of the television and the internet. Despite these concerns, the current age of globalization and information technology clearly manifest the benefits of television and internet use among children. With these benefits, children should be exposed to television and the internet and not be banned from usin g them until a certain age. Children should in fact be exposed to media and not be banned until a certain age. The researcher then concluds that although the internet and the television have inherent dangers, these dangers reflect more on the insufficient guidance which parents and teachers have on the children. It is also concluded that with adequate guidance and supervision, these children will be able to gain the information and the full benefits of these media without falling into the dangers or risks of internet and television use.

The life of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin Essay

The life of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin - Essay Example Milwaukee has deep personal meaning to me as a home and as a place to visit with my family. I greatly adore Milwaukee known for its aromatic smell of malt in old-fashioned beer. With unique and distinct legacies handed down from generation to generation, it is no wonder that Milwaukee is literally translated as â€Å"the good land†, as it has benefitted me, my family and friends.What really is good about Milwaukee? Being considered home to more than 600,000 residents from diverse cultural and ethnic orientations, Milwaukee has supported diversity in culture from historical times. Although Native American Indians were known to rule the city, Germans were famous as the greatest immigrants, and have significantly influenced local culture through food and architectural edifices, the passage of time coupled with the sheer hospitality of the population encouraged people from Europe, Asia and from Mexico to assimilate into traditional American culture. We get the chance to watch most anticipated games of Milwaukee Brewers. The entire ballpark manifests grandeur and magnificence in the elegant design of the ballpark with a fan-shaped roof that houses four levels of fully packed highly charged and enthusiastic fans. Every game seen from Miller Park is a unique and memorable experience with minute details that are retained in my faculty forever. Sharing each experience with loved ones is a reflection of genuine respect for patronizing Miller Park as it forms part of my personal growth and development.... My family, friends and guests anticipate the end of winter through the melting of the snow in May – signaling the start of an almost five-month fun marathon, celebrating an array of activities ranging from attending musical concerts in beautifully designed stages across the festival grounds. We never miss attending the plethora of performing popular bands while sipping Milwaukee’s famous Schlitz and looking forward to having another serving of fish fry. Enjoying all that good stuff in the company of love ones and friends would never beat this experience. I would only fear that October is fast approaching and the frivolities are about to end. When all the merriment of Summerfest have concluded, I actually have other choices to visit, together with family members and peers in an array of contemporary and rustic works of art from any of the famous museums: the Art Museum in North Art Museum Drive, the Public Museum at West Wells Street, or the Betty Brinn Children’s Museum at Wisconsin Avenue. We all get to enjoy viewing extraordinary and exemplary designs in architectural structures and unconventional forms of arts. The futuristic houses constructed within the Art Museum and covered with a uniquely designed movable wings made to control the lighting and temperature within the building. My special and personal favorite is visiting the Public Museum where spectators never cease to recall the collection of butterflies at the Puelicher Butterfly Wing. Hundreds of beautifully colored butterflies in full splendor spread their intricately designed wings. I had the opportunity to see rare and even exotic species that are not found roaming in

Global Warming's Terrifying new Math By Bill McKibben Essay

Global Warming's Terrifying new Math By Bill McKibben - Essay Example Global warming has caused significant changes in climate patterns as it cause the earth’s temperature to rise above the normal, which is detrimental to the ecosystem. Humans are solely responsible for global warming as they engage in activities such as combustion of fossil fuels, and this emits carbon, which cause global warming (McKibben). Efforts to curb global warming have failed, and this is because industrialization has resulted to use of carbon dioxide and the emissions have continued to increase over time. The situation has been made worse because developing countries are trying to emulate the west by becoming industrialized, and this further increases the emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. To reduce the carbon print, many countries have come up with policies that aim at reducing emission of carbon dioxide but the efforts have failed. Petroleum companies have been blamed for the big emissions of carbon dioxide they cause as the industry is profitable and imp osing regulations on them would reduce the incomes of countries. To protect the ecosystem from the adverse effects of global warming people all over the world and political leaders and environmentalists need to collaborate and advocate for people to reduce their carbon print so that the environment remains sustainable for future

COIS20025-Assessment-Item1 (information system of master) Essay

COIS20025-Assessment-Item1 (information system of master) - Essay Example The other records such as staff and finance details are not handled and modeled into the system. The very idea to create an integrated system would involve fetching the large scale behavior of all the entities of the system. The reason is that due to lack of integration, not all entities are participating in the system and thus prevail the inconsistency. The various procedures are being performed in the student record management system relate to the various functions like record of student data, student attendance, student fees and several factors for determining the objective of running of the system. i. Student records – It is stored for collecting the records of various students who take admission. Their detailed data is stored in the system. It is stored and taken care by the admission personnel. The records in respect to students detail and students attendance is maintained in simple text based system with no functionality towards unique storage of data, consistency of data, integrity rules and association among various records. The processes that are carried out entails the various forms of compliances required by the school and highlight the need for a revamped system for data storage and detail. iii. Processes: The various processes would highlight for determination of the student’s present status in an organization and derive the very detail for their recording the personal and academic details. The various fees related detail would help the school to track down the numbers for non-payment of their fees and issue notifications accordingly. iv. Performance: Currently the system has very poor response system and lacks all performance requirements. The performance of the system would improve as the proposed system would be highly updated with no redundancies, retrieval of consistent information and make sure to fetch the right detail

Themes in Kafkas Essay Example for Free

Themes in Kafkas Essay Themes in Frank Kafkas â€Å"Metamorphosis† Franz Kafkas â€Å"Metamorphosis† is a story about a man who awakes one morning to find himself transformed into a giant bug. This metamorphosis causes a clash between the main character Gregor Samsa and his family which in turn creates major changes in all characters. Kafka utilizes many themes in the story including change, isolation, power and money. These themes aid in making the story vague, while retaining a sense of lucidity. One main theme in the story is change. Gregor Samsas reality changes only mildly, despite his radical physical transformation. Prior to his mutation, Gregor’s life was consumed with his work as a traveling salesman in addition to taking care of his family. A boring life, dominated by providing for his family, much like a bug provides for his nest or hive. He describes his life as the plague of traveling: the anxieties of changing trains, the irregular, inferior meals, the ever changing faces, never to be seen again, people with whom one has no chance to be friendly (Kafka 13). The real metamorphosis occurs when he realizes his present situation, and his role in his household. Gregor does not change into a bug; he simply recognizes that he has been one for quite some time. This sudden epiphany could certainly send him into a shock that causes a mental sickness, eventually leading to his death. From the very beginning the setting creates an atmosphere of isolation, a major theme in the story. â€Å"Gregor’s room is at the center of the Samsa family’s apartment, with one wall facing the outside, the opposite wall bordering on the living room, and the two side walls shared with the bedroom of Gregor’s parents and his sister respectively. Each of these walls has an egress onto the world: the outside wall has a window, and the other walls have doors leading to the adjacent rooms. These doors, however – and in particular the double-door that opens into the living room – are not simple entranceways into the communal realm of the family; rather, they symbolize precisely that contradictory complex of merger with and separation from the family that each section of the narrative enacts. These doors function not only as passageways but also as barriers – indeed, ultimately they are impenetrable barriers. (Gray 286) After his transformation, Gregor is completely isolated. He realizes that it’s not much different than his life previous life, as the job to which he has been so dedicated, shows their disloyalty to him. â€Å"Moreover, it turns out that Gregor works for a firm that does not trust its employees at all: because he is late this one day, the chief clerk shows up to check on him and begins hinting that he is suspected of embezzling funds and may very well be fired† (Smith 193). His family alienates him as well. Grete, his younger sister, is the only one who helps him. She was scared but managed to put her apprehensions aside, even getting angry with others for trying to help. After her acceptance as role of caretaker, the other members of Gregors family do not associate with him. No one attempted to understand him, no one, not even his sister, imagined that she could understand him(Kafka 45). As an insect, he can still hear, however, so he knows what others want, but they cannot know what he wants. This seems an apt situation for Gregor to end up in, because his life even before his transformation seems to have been one of catering to others’ needs while suppressing his own. Before long, Gregor settles on the fact that throughout his metamorphosis he has neither lost nor gained anything. Even his unsettling dreams the morning of his mutation symbolize a troubled life before his metamorphosis. He is expressing his feelings of a lack of fulfillment and it shows a layer of him otherwise hidden. The actual metamorphosis symbolizes a rebellion assertion of unconscious desires and energies (Eggenschwiler 203). His mother and father treat him as a monster, instead of their son who is in need of help and support, just like they neglected their parental roles before his transformation, allowing him to take on all of their responsibilities. Although in some ways the transformation reinforces Gregor’s alienation from the world, in other ways becoming an insect is a way for him to escape his unhappy life. No longer will he have to work at his burdensome job, or care for his family who do not return the same care or respect. Gregor is not the only one to go through a drastic change in the story. His mother, sister and father also transform in ways not easily defined by outward appearance. This leads to the second major theme of the book, power. Power is both gained and surrendered by all members of the Samsa family at different points in the story. Before his transformation, Gregor holds the power as the man of the house. He earns the money to pay rent, provide food, and dig his family out of the overwhelming debt his mother and father have gotten into. After his transformation, Gregor loses this authority, basically imprisoned in his room, unable to attend to the responsibilities he once had. Gregor’s humanity, to the extent that his parents and sister acknowledge it, is inextricably tied to his function as economic provider† (Bloom 60). His father, however, gains power as he takes on the role as head of household. He is consumed by the family’s financial burden from the first day after Gregor’s mutation. He now finds the strength to find employme nt, something he was too ill to do while Gregor provided for the family. Interestingly, he can only regain his power after Gregor himself, the self-sacrificing, downtrodden one, is dead. This suggests that the presence of a self-sacrificing person drains those around him. Gregor sees his father after some time has passed since his transformation and asks, â€Å"Was this the same man who in the old days used to lie wearily buried in bed when Gregor left on a business trip; who greeted him on his return in the evening, sitting in his bathrobe in the armchair, who actually had difficulty getting to his feet† (Kafka 36)? Although Gregor has the most obvious transformation, it seems Grete, his younger sister, changes the most throughout the story, many of these changes involving her own power and standing in the family. At first she takes on the role as his caretaker, bringing him food, cleaning his room and trying to make him as comfortable as possible in his room. She is his only tie to his family and really his only link to humanity. She gains the consideration of her parents, who once considered her quite useless. â€Å"Often he heard them say how much they appreciated his sister’s work, whereas until now they had frequently been annoyed with her† (Kafka 29). She however takes on her own transformation, from girl to woman. With this change, her pity for Gregor diminishes. When at first she had helped Gregor out of kindness, eventually she comes to regard the job as a chore. She doesn’t always enjoy it, but it serves to define her position in the family, and she becomes territorial about this power she has gained, not wanting her mother to be involved. As she matures and takes on more adult responsibilities, most notably getting a job to help provide for her family financially, her commitment to Gregor diminishes. Grete tells her parents, â€Å"We must try to get rid of it† (Kafka 49). Eventually she comes to resent the burden of what Gregor has become and it s Grete who decides they must get rid of â€Å"it†. While not as prominent as the other themes, but in correlation with power, the theme of money weaves a path through the story. Gregor is enslaved to his family because he is the only one who makes money. With the exception of his sister, the family seems to treat him not as a son, but as a source of income. When Gregor is no longer able to work after his metamorphosis, he is treated with revulsion and neglect. Once the family begins working, they also find difficulty communicating with each other, eating dinner in silence and fighting amongst themselves. The exhaustion brought on by dehumanizing jobs and the recognition that people are only valuable so long as they earn a salary keeps them isolated from one another and unable to create real connections. This story has limited depth if the reader only takes it for its literal meaning and fails to read between the lines to discover the themes included. The reader must delve deeper into the story in order to understand it completely. Kafka kept this story compelling with the inclusion of these themes and other symbolism.

The Importance Of A Cardiovascular System Physical Education Essay

The Importance Of A Cardiovascular System Physical Education Essay The heart is the powerhouse of the cardiovascular system. It pumps the blood throughout the body; it is a double pump because it pumps blood in two different directions. The main parts of the hearts are the vena cava, the pulmonary trunk, the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, the left and right atrium, the left and right ventricle, the septum, the chordate tendineae and the aorta. The heart is shaped kind of like a cone. It is located behind the protective rib cage. The heart is made of cardiac muscle which means it can work constantly without getting tired or needing a break. Your heart is so powerful that in just one hour, it can produce enough energy to life nearly a tonne of weight a yard above the ground and beats approximately 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 times a year. Blood enters the heart through the vena cava. The inferior vena cava brings in blood from the body and the superior vena cava brings in blood from the head. From the vena cava, blood moves into the right atrium which then sends the blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. The right ventricle then sends blood through pulmonary the pulmonary semi lunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk and then into the pulmonary arteries which take the blood to the lungs. Blood must travel to the lungs to gather oxygen. The pulmonary veins carry the oxygen rich blood back to the heart and into the left atrium. The blood is then sent to the left ventricle and then to the aorta where it is pumped into the aorta and to the rest of the body. The heart does not receive oxygen from the blood that runs through it; it receives blood from coronary arteries. When a coronary artery is blocked, it causes a lack of oxygen to the heart and the heart will die. However, a blockage in a coronary artery does not always cause a heart attack; it can also cause angina. Angina causes chest pain and pain to the left arm and shoulder. If an individual experiences these symptoms, they should see a physician as soon as possible as surgery may be needed to clear the blockage. Heart rate is how many times your heart beats per minute. Heart rate is determined by how hard the heart has to work to move blood through the body; the harder the heart has to work, the higher the heart rate. Heart rate is lowest at rest and highest when stressed. To check your heart rate, find your pulse. You can find your pulse in your wrist (radial artery), neck (carotid artery), back of knee (Popliteal artery), inside of elbow (brachial artery), and in the groin (femoral artery). The wrist and neck are the most common places to find your pulse. Once you have found your pulse, count how many times your heart beats for fifteen seconds then multiply that number by four. This number represents how many times your heart beats per minute. Average resting heart rate is usually between seventy and eighty beats per minute unless you are Lance Armstrong; he was known to have a resting heart rate of thirty-two to thirty-four beats per minute. Even though the Ancient Greeks believed that blood vessels carried air, vessels carry blood. You have so many blood vessels in your body that one square inch of skin contains three yards of blood vessels, and if all the blood vessels of the body were laid out end to end they could go around the equator at least two and a half times. Oxygenated blood travels through arteries. Artery walls have three layers; the first layer is squamous epithelium called tunica intima. The middle layer is the thickest of the three layers and is made up of smooth muscle that can contract to regulate blood pressure and flow; it is called tunica media. The outer layer of artery walls is made of fibrous connective tissue close to the middle layer but is loose connective tissue farther from the middle layer. The outer layer is known as tunica adventitia. Arteries branch into smaller arterioles. Arterioles are arteries that are barely visible to the naked eye. They are under 0.5mm in diameter. Arterioles branch into capillaries which are extremely small. Capillary walls are only one cell thick; in fact, capillaries are so small that it takes ten of them to make up the width of one human hair. Even though capillaries are very small, they form vast networks. Capillaries are so important because Oxygen and nutrients like glucose are exchanged through them and to the body. Veins take blood back to the heart. First, venules, small veins, take blood from capillaries and into a vein. The structure of vein walls is quite similar but vein walls are thinner. Because most veins have to travel upwards to reach the heart, they have to fight gravity to get the blood back up there so veins come equipped with valves which keep blood from flowing downwards. Veins that carry blood from the head do not have valves because blood coming from the head does not have to fight the force of gravity. If valves dont close properly it can cause major problems; this is called venous reflux disease. If the veins dont close, deoxygenated blood cant get back to the heart. This causes severe tissue damage. Symptoms include aching, burning, swelling, itching, discolouration and ulcers. There are approximately five litres of blood in the human body and it is the glue that holds the cardiovascular system together; without it there would be no need for a heart of blood vessels. Blood carries oxygen, fights infection and stops bleeding and only two parts of the body can survive without blood: the lens and cornea of the eye. Blood is made up of three parts: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells are made in the bone marrow and there are approximately 5,000,000 red blood cells in just one drop of blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Red blood cells that carry oxygen are red and red blood cells that carry carbon dioxide are purple. They are shaped like concave disks. Sometimes the body does not have enough red blood cells and this causes anemia. Anemia is usually caused by a lack of iron. Symptoms include lack of energy and a pale skin colour. White blood cells also originate from the bone marrow. White blood cells are translucent and have a nucleus. White blood cells use proteins and enzymes to fight infections. There are five types of white blood cells: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes. Though most white blood cells only live for a short time, some live for months or even years. Platelets are tiny cell fragments that are born in the bone marrow with red and white blood cells. Platelets aid in clotting so when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets come to the rescue and seal the leak. Sometimes, platelets dont do their job and cause hemophilia. What that means is clotting does not occur so the slightest bump can cause bleeding to joints. This can cause nerve damage and muscular atrophy. Though strokes affect the brain, they are really a problem with the circulatory system. They are caused when platelets do their job a little too well and cause a blockage to an artery leading to the head (usually the carotid artery). If an artery leading to the head is blocked, the brain cannot receive oxygen and this causes a portion of the brain to die. Individuals suffering from a stroke usually have early warning signs like numbness, blindness or slurred speech. Those warning signs usually exist even after a stroke and a stroke can even cause paralysis but these effects are not permanent. After a stroke, the individual can usually be rehabilitated and the damaged portion of the brain can again become functional but the person may never be the same again. A common problem with the circulatory system is hypertension. Hypertension is better known has high blood pressure. Though hypertension is usually caused by smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, or diabetes, it can also be hereditary. A sphygmomanometer-better known as a blood pressure cuff- measures blood pressure-two pressures, actually. The blood pressure cuff measures systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is high when the ventricles have contracted and diastolic is low when the ventricles have relaxed. If your diastolic pressure is greater than ninety or systolic pressure is greater than one-hundred-forty, you have high blood pressure. High blood pressure is often called a silent killer which means most people arent aware they have it until they have a heart attack of stroke. Medications and life style changes can help control blood pressure but the best way to control it is to keep a healthy diet (low in salt), exercise regularly and have your blood pressure checked on a regular basis. Arrhythmia is a heart condition. It is basically just an irregular heartbeat. Common symptoms are heart palpitations or pounding in the chest; that means your heart is beating irregularly fast. Other symptoms include light headedness, fainting, shortness of breath and fatigue; these are symptoms of your heart beating irregularly slow. If your heart is beating too slowly, your brain does not receive enough oxygen and neither does the rest of your body. Sometimes, surgeries can be done to get the heart to beat regularly but they arent always successful. More common treatments include medications and life style changes. The very best thing you can do for your cardiovascular system is exercise regularly and be sure to have a healthy diet. This will help to prevent disorders in the cardiovascular system but does not always keep them from occurring. Though many things can go wrong with the cardiovascular system, worse things would happen without it and all life on earth as we know it would end. Blood goes on a journey so spectacular that none of us can experience it.

Political Anarchy :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several arguments against philosophical anarchism. Most of the arguments are in line with either the theory that consent is not required or of the theory we have already consented. For the sake of being brief, this essay will attempt to refute only the latter of the two. Along with the idea of individual consent is the longstanding, traditional theory of the authority of God. Other arguments follow a less anarchist view and are that of tacit consent and more specifically that of majority consent. The idea that consent is essential for the legitimacy of political authority can be argued against in many ways. Traditionally, the argument that God gave government authority was valid and in accepting religion we accept this as well. If you rebel against this order, you rebel against God. It was reason enough for most people to stop questioning such authority. In the last few centuries, however, the idea of personal freedom and independence has shifted mainstream thinking to being skeptical of the religious premise of government. Just because you believe in God doesn’t mean that you believe he gives government authority over you. The rising political awareness in our societies is causing many people to wonder how much power our government should really have over us. Even if the argument of political authority by God still cannot be argued against, then what about those who do not believe in God? Are they expected to follow governmental authority just as everyone else when th ey do not believe a god gave authority to government? How does on reconcile that they do and still try to argue that everyone has consented in this way? Next, is the argument of tacit consent. Those upholding this argument say that we consent to government through some action such as voting, paying taxes, or even just by living in its territory. It even goes as far to saying that we consent simply by remaining silent. Does this mean that we consent to something when we choose an option that is forced upon us? We have more options than the ones given to us by the government. It’s just that they have the power to punish us if we don’t choose from their palette of choices. The fact that we make a choice does not necessarily make it voluntary. Can one say then that if someone believes they make a choice voluntarily it constitutes consent?

Divorce or Annulment Essay -- Social Issues, Custody of the Children

In the failure of marriage, most couples nowadays prefer to have a divorce or annulment. For them, separation is a lot easier than forcing a relationship to work. However, the consequences of divorce appear to have greater impacts on children and not just on the couple. The custody of the children is usually brought into court settlements to determine which party, whether the mother’s or the father’s, qualifies for custody. In this regard, lawyers require help from mental health experts who would make evaluations of both parties. Mental health experts also provide counseling that would help the individuals to cope with the condition that they are experiencing. This way, the psychologist would have dual tasks: a forensic evaluator and a therapeutic counselor. This dual task would be the center of this discussion. In 1997, Greenberg and Shuman wrote an article that shows the irreconcilable conflict between dual roles of mental health experts in court proceedings. Several factors have enabled mental health experts to appear as forensic expert witnesses. However, these two roles are not compatible due to several differences between these and confidentiality and anonymity are compromised. Definitions must first be provided to differentiate between the roles. The therapist refers to a clinician or mental health expert who provides psychotherapy to the client. His primary responsibility is to treat his patient. A fact witness, meanwhile, refers to the person testifying based on direct observations. He does not offer expert opinions. In short, a therapist who serves as fact witness is someone who testifies based on the observations carried out during therapy. His conclusions are thus drawn from his observations (Strasburger, Gutheil, &... ...ings as therapist and forensic expert. This is due to the premise that assuming the roles of both a therapist and a forensic expert may lead to the possibility that the expert is more concerned about the conclusion of the case than the integrity and accuracy of his testimony. Furthermore, there are many differences between the roles of the therapist and the expert. Some of these differences include attitudes of each expert, goals, and roles of therapist-patient and forensic-expert-patient relationships. These differences lead to the incompatibility of dual roles. Furthermore, confidentiality and anonymity are compromised when therapists provide testimony in court proceedings. While some researchers believe that the dual roles can be compatible, the points discussed in this paper are adequate enough to conclude that therapeutic and forensic roles are incompatible.

Assessing Learners Needs in Education Essay example -- essays research

Units 101 &105 In this essay I shall be examining the importance of accurate initial assessment of learner’s needs. In order to do this it is necessary to correctly identify my learners so that appropriate teaching methods can be structured for them. From there, I shall explore how to best support learners throughout their period of study, both in terms of educational support, and in terms of developing their self confidence. The students I teach are studying toward a 2 year diploma in Creative Sound Engineering & Music Technology at Deep Blue Sound (DBS). It is common for the learners to come from a fairly narrow section of society. Broadly speaking, learners are male, and fall into the 16-25 age range, although there is also at least one learner in his late forties. Group sizes average between 8 and 14. The learner’s first point of contact, and assessment, comes through their application. This will provide us with clues to the potential needs of the student, including their age (and need for supervision), current understanding of the subject, and any appropriate experience or qualifications they may have. From here candidates are invited to an interview, where they are given a full tour of the facilities along with an overview of the structure of the course. The interview stage allows us to assess both their suitability for the course, both in terms of attitude and ability, and gives us an insight into their expectations and requirements, and their potential barriers to learning. For example, those who are not school leavers may well have obstacles to learning that their school-leaving counterparts do not share. As Armitage (1999) observes: â€Å"(Having a continuous learning experience from the age of 5) is generally not the case for the adult learner who may not have been involved in a formal education experience for some time and whose knowledge and expectations of education may only be based on their own school experience. Equally, the adult re-entering the education system at any level has many more outside responsibilities and pressures than the younger FE or HE student.† Applicants will also be tested at this stage for computer literacy. During the enrolment procedure, learners are assessed for literacy using the Smog Readability Formula (McLaughlin, G. 1969: 639-646), in order to bring to light, amongst other things, potential learning dif... ...o all handouts and project briefs in electronic format, so that his computer is able to read them back to him. Once this trust has been established, the line of communication between student and teacher becomes much more free-flowing, effectively facilitating the tutor’s ongoing assessment of the class. In conclusion, in order for us to guarantee a successful and enjoyable learning experience for the student, we must accurately assess the individual needs of the learner, and be aware of how dynamic these needs can be. Through maintaining open channels of communication between students and staff, and by providing the student with a safe place to learn, we can adapt our teaching styles to grow with the changing needs of the learner, as well as providing helpful and meaningful support for them, ensuring they receive the most effective training possible whilst studying on the course. Bibliography Armitage, A. (1999) Teaching and Training in Post-Compulsory Education, 2nd Ed, King’s Lynn: OUP. P63 McLaughlin, G. (1969), SMOG grading: A new readability formula. Journal of Reading, 12 (8) 639-646 Petty, G. (2004), Teaching Today, 4th Ed, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. P201

Mid term Exam

1. a. Opportunity cost is the cost of the foregone alternative.   It is the cost incurred for net selecting a particular course of action.   Opportunity cost is present in a lot of areas in economics, such as labor and capital.b. Increasing costs are expenditure that rises due to a particular activity.   For instance, if the economy is growing and the disposable income of the population is increasing, the velocity of circulation of money will rise.   This will eventually lead to increasing costs.c. Unemployment basically comprises the part of labor, which is capable of working, but which presently is not employed.   Unemployment arises when the actual output of the economy is lower the potential gross national product.d. Scarcity arises whenever the quantity supplied does not meet the quantity demanded for a product or service.   Scarcity can also apply for labor supply, in instances, where the economy is growing at a fast rate, but there is not sufficient labor to accomm odate the job vacancies needed.2. a. Chicken is a substitute product of beef.   Therefore the rise in price of chicken will lead to a rise in the demand of beef leading to an outward shift of the quantity demanded.b. If the wages of meat cutters will increase, more individuals would be interested in working in that area.   Therefore the quantity supplied of meet would increase leading to an outward shift in the quantity supplied.c. As income increases the disposable income of the population will rise.   If meet is considered a luxury good, the quantity demanded will rise because more will be afforded.   As a result an outward shift in quantity demanded will arise.d. If import quotas are eliminated, the competition and supply of beef will increase.   This will lead to a surplus in the market, which will eventually direct to a lower demand.   An inward shift of the quantity demanded will thus arise.3. If for instance, the availability of cows diminishes due to an epidemic disease on cows.   This will direct to a leftward shift in the quantity supplied resulting in the quantity supplied not meeting the quantity demanded.   This shortage of meet, will eventually lead to a shift in the demand curve to reach again equilibrium position at a higher price.   The level of employment will be enhanced due to more number of firms willing to enter the market.   However, such shortage may limit the availability of meet supply.On the contrary if competition is increased in the market of beef, due to a reduction/removal in import quotas or new entry of firms, the quantity demanded will shrink through an inward shift.   This will thus lead to a quantity supplied greater than quantity demanded.   Therefore there will be a surplus of meet supplied that will direct a shift in the quantity supplied to meet again equilibrium at a lower price.   Firms will eventually drop out of the market due to lower profits leading to a decrease in the level of employment in such industry.4. The total utility of a client is maximized when the marginal utility of a commodity is equal to the marginal utility of the other good.   Indeed the indifference curve is a graph that portrays a combination of commodities with the same level of utility.   Points are inputted from the situation at hand, which are eventually connected to form an indifference curve graph.   This holds on the assumption that consumption of goods is varied continuously and not incrementally.5. a. Price elasticity of demand is a measure of the level of responsiveness of the quantity demanded to changes in price.   Price elasticity of demand is not the demand curve.b. The income of an individual is an important determinant of demand.   Income elasticity of demand is a calculation that shows the sensitivity of demand in relation to changes in income.c. In the real world a manager should not isolate on the price of the product or service sold only, he should also consider the p rices of substitute and complementary products and services.   In this respect cross-price elasticity of demand is used to calculate the responsiveness of demand of the product marketed in relation to changes in prices of substitute or complementary products.d. Price elasticity of supply also is a determination of the level of responsiveness of the quantity supplied to movements in price.6. The price elasticity of demand is the effect that a change in a variable will hold on the other variable.   A coefficient price elasticity of demand equal to 1 is attained for a unitary elasticity, one greater than 1 for an elastic demand and one less than 1 for an inelastic demand.   Under unitary elasticity, a percentage change in price will exactly provide the same effect on the quantity demanded.   Therefore a one percent increase in price will lead to a one percent decrease in quantity demanded.An elastic demand is an instance where a change in price leads to a more than proportionat e effect on quantity demanded.   Thus a one percent increase in price will lead to a decrease in demand greater than one percent.   On the contrary, under inelastic demand a change in price will lead to a less than proportionate change in quantity demanded.   So a one percent increase in price will direct to a less than one percent decrease in quantity demanded.7. Under an elastic demand total revenue would decrease when the price rises.   This is due to the fact that the increase in price will be exceeded by the reduction in units demanded due such elasticity.   For instance a product that holds a price elasticity of demand of 5.   If the present demand is 100 units and the actual price is $5, the total revenue is $500.If a 1% rise in price occurs increasing it to $5.05 a fall of 5% in demand will occur direct sales to 95 units.   In this case the total revenue would amount to $479.75, which is lower than the original revenue.   On the contrary, under an inelastic d emand a rise in price will direct to higher revenue since the percentage decrease in units sold would be less than the percentage increase in price.8. The cross-price elasticity of demand for substitute goods is always positive because the price of one item and the demand of the other move always in the same direction.   For example, chicken and meat are substitute goods.   If the price of chicken will rise, the quantity demanded for meat will increase too, because clients will shift from buying chicken to meat.The cross-price elasticity of demand for complimentary goods, on the other hand, is always negative because the price and quantity demanded of the variables at hand move at the opposite direction.   For instance, cameras and films are complimentary.   If the price of films increase, the demand for cameras will fall because fewer customers will purchase cameras in light of additional costs incurred for films, which are necessary for the camera to take photos.9. The fir st and most important is the availability of substitutes.   The more a product or service faces substitute products, the more price-elastic is the demand.   This is due to the fact that if there are close substitutes and the price of the product is increased, the customer will shift to the substitute product and therefore the demand for the commodity will decrease.   For example, if the price of laptop computers were to rise, the demand for such product will probably fall because people will shift to personal computers.It is important to note that the effect of substitutes highly depends on how ‘substitute products’ are defined.   Usually the more specific the definition the higher the number of substitute products.   For instance, if the example of laptop computers were to be lessened to laptop computers of Hewlett Packard, one would find more substitute products like laptop computers of other competing companies, leading to a greater price-elastic demand.The income spent on the product is another determinant of price elasticity of demand.   The higher the income spent on the commodity, the more elastic is the demand.   For example, goods like bread, pepper, and sugar tend to have an inelastic demand curve, because they make up a low amount of the consumer’s budget.While products like cars have a more elastic demand curve due to the fact that people are more cost conscious when products are of a high value and therefore are more affected by changes in price.   However, in practice it is not guaranteed that the hypothesis mentioned in this paragraph actually takes place.   Indeed, some economists weaken the theoretical relationship that exists between the proportion of income spent on the product and the price elasticity of demand.Time element also places significant influence on price elasticity of demand.   The longer the time period, the more price-elastic is the demand, because substitute goods will be adapted or cre ated to cater for the change in price.   For example, if the price of electricity were to increase drastically during the passage of time people will replace their home equipment and appliances to consume less electricity.For instance they may adopt a solar geezer or replace their electric cooker with a gas cooker.   On the contrary, the price elasticity of demand of durable goods behaves in the opposite direction.   For durable goods like cars, the responsiveness of demand to price movements weakens with the passage of time.   This is primarily due that in the long run old cars wear out and clients are forced to replace such vehicles if they intend to remain in the same product category.10. Returns to scale are a production technique that considers how a proportionate increase in factors of production will affect total production output.   There are three stages of return to scale, being constant, increasing and decreasing.   Management should reach the highest point of the increasing returns to scale, where output rises in a higher proportion than input.   Economies of scale are more a cost concept, which examines the effect of production on costs through labor specialization and other technical factors.   The information portrayed below show the costs of production for a particular product.As we can see the higher number of units produced per worker is at 4 employees.   After that a diminishing return to scale will arise.   This coincides to the attainment of economies of scale, where the additional cost per new employee is at its lowest by $1.   In this respect returns to scale and economies of scale are related in the sense they normally correspond with each other.   Indeed, economies of scale normally aid the organization in attaining increasing returns to scale.11. Short-run is considered as any time frame in which there is at least one factor of production that cannot be altered and is considered to be fixed.   In the long run all factors of production are variable and can be altered.   In order to remain operative in the short run a firm ought to cover all the variable costs.   Fixed costs at this stage are considered as sunk costs because they cannot be altered and will not affect the going concern decision.12. Explicit costs are costs that involve a cash outflow of money, while implicit costs are expenditure that does not involve cash payments, such as depreciation.13. The economic concept of profit is based on theoretical constructs.   Originally such concept focused on the difference between revenue and expenditure, being the surplus needed to maintain the capital of the firm.   The economic cost of production for a firm was regarded as the opportunity cost of production.With respect to the accounting concept of profit, one must consider the fact that originally the accounting concept of profit was similar to nowadays-economic concept of profit.   Indeed at the origination of this concept accountants regarded profit from a balance sheet perspective.   However during the passage of time accounting profit shifted to a matching of revenues and costs consumed in a particular period of time.   Accountants contend that such shift developed through the evolution of business enterprises, from a fully liquid business enterprise to large public limited companies.14. a. A firm made Sales revenue of $10,000 and revenue expenditure amounted to $9,000.   Equipment of $10,000 was bought and the present interest rate is 10%.   The accounting profit is $1,000, while there is no economic profit since an opportunity cost of capital of $1,000 is deducted with respect to the foregone money due to the equipment bought.b. A firm made Sales revenue of $12,000 and revenue expenditure amounted to $8,000.   Equipment of $12,000 was bought and the present interest rate is 10%.   The accounting profit is $4,000, while the economic profit is $2,800.c. A firm made Sales revenue of $9,0 00 and revenue expenditure amounted to $7,500.   Equipment of $20,000 was bought and the present interest rate is 10%.   The accounting profit is $1,500, while the economic loss amounts to $500.d. As regards example b, the company is attaining economic rent and will thus continue operating.   Under perfect competition new firms will enter this market in the long term.   In case c, the firm will get out of the market due to an economic loss.   As regards example a, a normal profit is attaining, implying that the market is at an equilibrium and under perfect competition no firms will enter or exit the market. References:Hirschey M.; Pappas J. (1995). Fundamentals of Managerial Economics. Fifth Edition. New York: The Dryden Press.Maunders P.; Myers D.; Wall N.; Miller L. (1993). Economics Explained. Second Edition. London: Collins Educational.

Leonardo Da Vinci Essay

Leonardo da Vinci was inarguably a great mind of the Renaissance, a period of European civilisation where revival of classical learning and wisdom took place after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation. He was an Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose talents reflected the diversity of achievements of the Italian Renaissance. With his outstanding versatility, Leonardo has often been described as a universal genius of the Renaissance, the fame that has remained undimmed as a result of his great desire for knowledge. His Last Supper and Mona Lisa are among the most widely popular and influential paintings of the Renaissance, and they gained worldwide fame only after his death. However, he was far from prolific, as only 17 of his paintings, many of which remained unfinished, have been identified. In addition to art, Leonardo studied a wide range of scientific topics including anatomy, geology, botany, hydraulics and aerodynamics. His science was expressed through art, and his drawings and diagrammes show how he understood the world. Leonardo used an observational approach to study science. In this approach, he considered his eyes to be his main avenue to knowledge, and sight alone could convey the facts of experience immediately and correctly. Leonardo also considered a painter as the person best qualified to achieve true knowledge because he could closely observe, understand and then carefully reproduce the world around him through art. Leonardo once said, â€Å"Whatever exists in the universe, a painter has first in his mind and then in his hands.† In addition to Leonardo’s unique approach and concept, his superb intellect and mastery of the art of drawing to study nature itself allowed his dual pursuits of art and science to develop. Leonardo’s scientific and technical observations are found in his handwritten notebooks or manuscripts, the greatest literary legacy he left to the world. The notebooks also equal the importance of his paintings as the pages reveal his inventions of machines such as the bicycle, airplane, helicopter and parachute. His findings of anatomy, which were among the most significant achievements of the Renaissance science, are also portrayed in the famous anatomical drawings in the notebooks. Leonardo also shared his thoughts on the nature of painting which has become a contribution to later generations of artists. More interestingly, what he wrote and sketched also gave an insight into his approach to life because in these notebooks, he also wrote his grocery lists and even the names of his debtors.One special feature that makes Leonardo’s notes and sketches unusual is his use of mirror writing. The handwriting is so peculiar that the task of deciphering the notes would requi re great effort. The aid of a mirror in reading reversed handwriting appears to be available only for the first experimental reading. The persistent use of it is impractical, considering the enormous mass of manuscripts to be read. Leonardo’s handwriting, which runs from right to left in inseparable writing, is illegible, and this unusualness in the writing is not the only obstacle in mastering the text. Leonardo also joined several short words into a long one or divided a long word into two short words. This arbitrary way of writing is not aided by punctuation to regulate the division and construction of the sentences; therefore, it is not surprising that some attempts to understand Leonardo’s handwriting would fail. Why was such odd handwriting used by Leonardo? Although a popular belief is that Leonardo intended some amount of secrecy, it might also be due to Leonardo’s left-handedness. Another unusual feature in Leonardo’s manuscripts is the relationship between words and pictures. As Leonardo emphasised, drawings are superior to words. Leonardo strove passionately for a language tha t was clear yet expressive. The wealth of his vocabulary was the result of intense study on his own and represented a significant contribution to the development of scientific terms in the Italian language. Despite his articulateness, Leonardo gave absolute preference to the drawing over the written word in his own approach. The drawing does not illustrate the text; rather, the text serves to explain the drawing. Leonardo’s work was a pioneer of modern scientific illustration. His notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry and a mechanical inventiveness that were centuries ahead of their time. However, he neither taught nor published his findings, and almost none of his inventions were built during his lifetime. If his work had been published in an intelligible form which others were able to understand, Leonardo’s place as a pioneering scientist would not be questioned. If his inventions had been built, they might have revolutionised the history of technology. The wealth of Leonardo’s anatomical studies that have survived also shapes the basic principles of modern scientific illustration. From observing the static structure of the human body, Leonardo continued to study the role of individual parts of the body in mechanical activity. He drew parts of the human body in three-dimensional diagrammes. He became the first person to accurately draw a child in the womb. His aim was to record the birth, life, and death of man in his Treatise on Anatomy which begun in 1489. However, his work was never published. Adapted from Heydenrejch, L.H. (n.d.). Leonardo da Vinci. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/leonardo-da-vinci.| 1510152025303540455055606570|

Experimental Psychology Research Paper Essay

The terms `counselling’ and `psychotherapy’ are often employed in a loosely interchangeable way, especially in Australia. Where distinctions are made, there has been little agreement on what each term should cover. This article examines several axes on which `counselling’ might potentially be distinguished from `psychotherapy’; the most promising basis for such a distinction seems to be whether or not the mode of work attempts to access the unconscious. On this basis, several modalities currently termed `therapy’ would in fact be classed as types of `counselling’, including those modalities of family therapy which aim to engage clients at the level of conscious behaviour change and restructuring. Consideration of how new professionals are trained lends support to a continuum, with short-term, problem-focused conscious-oriented approaches at one end, and longer-term, transference-focused, unconscious-oriented approaches at the other, the dividing line coming at the point where trainees learn the skill of `immediacy’. to feel uncomfortable making. My university offered two programs: a shorter Master of Education award in `Counselling’, and a longer Master of Arts award in Counselling Psychology, aiming to train `psychologists’ for clinical positions in Community Mental Health, where they would often be doing `psychotherapy’. Everyone seemed to know what the difference between `counselling’ and `psychotherapy’ was, although exactly what it consisted in was rarely addressed. An introductory course called `The Roles of Counsellor and Therapist’ set Impact and Change: A Study of Counseling Relationships (Kell and Mueller, 1966). The `counselling’ in this book seemed to have a lot to do with transference (though that term was not employed) and stressed the counsellor’s `use of the counsellor^client relationship’Ã ¶things that had rarely been mentioned in my Australian training in `counselling’. On the other hand, Family Therapy, my chosen specialty and enthusiasm back then, was `therapy’, despite the fact that most family therapists at the time rejected the whole idea of transference (for an exception, see Box, 1998), gave their clients straightforward behavioural homework and checked to see if they did it. How was this different from the `educational’ approaches in which my friends enrolled in the M.Ed. program were being trained? I did not fully sort out these things during my two years in the US. I returned in 1981 to an Australia still largely committed to `counselling’, only to see it adopt the term `therapy’ with remarkable speed over the next decade (the insistence of family therapists on calling themselves that, rather than `family counsellors’, no doubt being a contributing factor). Clearly, `psychotherapy’ is now regarded within the profession (and increasingly will be regarded outside it) as the more prestigious term: but what makes it so? A status distinction has arisen without any corresponding thinking-through of the content of that distinction.

Appshop Case Analysis

Cover Letter The Appshop Inc case is based on the evaluation of the various alternatives available for the company while charging its client for execution of a project. Mr. Clark, Director, Central Region Appshop Inc had to make a decision on either accepting any one of the prices suggested by the client or participate in the bidding process. The case involves using Monte Carlo Simulation and Triangle Distribution to figure out the best possible option for Appshop Inc. Executive Summary Appshop Inc was a privately held, independent full-service Oracle consulting, applications and outsourcing company with revenues of $ 25 million. Mr. Eric Clark, Director, Central Region Appshop Inc was responsible for growing the company’s client base, selling additional services and supporting the existing client base. Mr. Clark had recently concluded a successful implementation of Oracle financial for one of its clients Dallas office. The client pleased with Appshop’s performance had requested Mr. Clark to implement the similar application across the company’s (client) offices across the globe and come out with a project cost for this implementation. Mr. Clark with his team of consultants outlined the scope, plan and the timeline for implementation of the project for the client. Appshop would have to put in 1000 hours of work per month for the next 24 months, which would cost Appshop $ 140 per hour. Based on these findings, Mr. Clark proposed $ 175,000 per month for 24 months for implementing the entire project. However, the client requested Appshop to lower the prices and gave two alternative prices. Appshop could either accept $ 155,000 per month for 24 months or $ 125,000 per month for 24 months along with a bonus of $1. 5 million post satisfying certain criteria, the probability of which was 0. 7. In case, Appshop did not accept the two alternate prices suggested by the client, then the client would go for a bidding process. The company winning the bid would receive the revenue bid amount and a gain share reward. The reward would be based on the saving that the company would realize upon implementation of the project. Based on previous work undertaken for the client, Appshop estimated the savings for the client to be a maximum of $12. 8 million, a minimum of $ 3. 2 million and a most likely saving of $ 5. 6 million. Appshop for implementing the project, proposed to quote $ 150,000 for the bidding. The Appshop team estimated a 45 per cent chance of winning the bid at this price. Post Monte Carlo Simulation with Triangle distribution, the revenue realized was $ 3. 8 million as shown in Appendix 1. On analyzing the three alternatives available to Appshop Inc, the decision should be based on giving equal importance to the maximum revenue that can be realized and the risk associated with it. The first alternative would generate revenue of $3,543,765 and all of which is risk free, however this alternative gives the least revenue. The second alternative would generate revenue of $ 3,751,919. 5; however, there is a risk of 0. 7 per cent associated with winning the bonus. The third alternative, the bidding process, generates the highest revenue of $3. 8 million; but, there is only a 45 per cent chance of winning the bid. Since the difference in revenue realized by exploring alternative two and three is miniscule, the decision now will be made on the alternative, which has a higher prob ability of occurring. The risk associated with alternative two is lower than the risk associated with alternative three, therefore, we would recommend going ahead with the second alternative. Analysis and Execution of the case Appshop Inc had calculated that for implementation of the project, they would have to put in 1000 hours of work per month for the next 24 months. This would cost Appshop $ 140 per hour. Therefore, Appshop proposed $ 175,000 per month for 24 months. However, the client rejected this offer and proposed two alternatives. Alternative 1 was $ 155,000 per month for 24 months and Alternative 2 was $125,000 per month for the next 24 months along with a bonus component of $1. 5 million. However, the bonus was based on meeting the multiple benchmarks set across various parameters. Appshop estimated the probability of receiving the bonus to be 0. 7. Analysis of Alternatives Proposed By the Client To make comparisons, we need to calculate the present value of each of the amount that Appshop would receive from the client. The present value annuity factor would be = (1/r – 1/r (1+r) ^24), the discount rate is . 5 per cent/month. Thus, the annuity factor calculated comes out to be 22. 563. Analyzing Alternative 1: $ 155,000 per month for 24 months With this amount, the client would pay = 155,000 x 22. 863 = $3,543,765. This amount is far below than the one proposed by Appshop of $3,948,525($175,000 x 22. 563). Analyzing Alternative 2: $ 125,000 per month for 24 months plus a $1. 5 million bonus. The probability of Appshop receiving this bonus based on their calculations was 0. 7. With this amount, the client would pay = 125,000 x 22. 563 = $2,820,375. To calculate the bonus, we need to firstly find the present value of $1. 5 million and multiply that with the probability of winning. The present value of $ 1. 5 million is = $1,330,778. 50. We now multiply this amount by 0. 7, the probability factor = $931, 5 44. 50 Therefore, the total amount that Appshop would receive from exploring this alternative two would be = 2,820,375+ 9 31,544. 950 = $ 3,751,919. 95. This amount is also lower than the one proposed by Appshop of $ 3,948,525 ($175,000 x 22. 563). We now explore alternate 3. Analysis of the Bidding Alternatives Analyzing Alternative 3: The company winning the bid would receive the revenue bid a mount and a gain share reward based. The reward would be based on the saving that the company would realize upon implementation of the project. The table below shows the saving and the bonus associated with it. Savings |Winning bidders share of saving | |< $4 million |0 | |$4 million upto $6 million|20 percent of excess above $6 million | |$4 million upto $6 million|$400,000 plus 40 percent of excess above $6 million | |> $8 million |$1. 2 million plus 60 percent of excess above $8 million| Based on previous work undertaken for the client, Appshop estimated the savings for the client to be a maximum of $12. million, a minimum of $ 3. 2 million and a most likely saving of $ 5. 6 million. Appshop for implementing the project, proposed to quote $ 150,000 for the bidding. The Appshop team estimated a 45 per cent chance of winning the bid at this price. We would use the Monte Carlo Simulation with Triangle Distribution [see Appendices] to find the revenue that Appshop would receive post bidding at the $ 150,000. The total revenue that Appshop would receive on winning the bid would be a total of the revenue bid and the share of the saving. Appendix 2 & 4 show the histogram for total cost and gain share based on the Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation also gives us a value of $ 3. 8 million, which is what Appshop would receive if it participates in the bidding process (ref appendix 1). This amount of $ 3. 8 million is generated by taking into consideration the probability of winning and the various profit sharing model devised by the client. Conclusion As we compare the present value of the revenues realized by alternative one, two and three, it is clear that alternative three is the best option in terms of revenue. Option one gives present value revenue of $3,543,765, which is the lowest as compared to the other two alternatives. Alternative two with revenue of $$ 3,751,919. 95 an alternative three with revenue of $ 3. 8 million have nearly the same value. However, there is only a 45 per cent probability of realizing alternative three (bidding process), whereas in alternative two, the probability of receiving the bonus is 0. 7. Therefore, considering the revenue and the risk associated with it, alternative 2 is the best choice for Appshop Inc to go ahead with.