Current Purchasing Power Accounting Accounting Essay

stream purchasing mightiness accounting system Accounting EssayAccounting possible action is a trammel of basic assumptions, definitions, principles, and concepts surround the accounting rule. It includes the reporting of accounting and pecuniary learning to relevant or interested parties. on that point argon several move upes that be spendd in the development of accounting theory. The dickens important ones argon prescriptive theory approach and the positive theory approach.Normative theory approach is a theory that is non establish on observation. It is ground on how things in the accounting process should be authorise. This approach comprises of several(predicate) approaches to obtain a single exactly effective accounting approach (Khandelwal, Jain, 2008). This physical body of approach uses a formula to come up with an income base on value, not constitutes.On the other hand, positive or descriptive supposititious approach to accounting theory is a set of theories that is touch with what accountants existently do (Rosenfield, 2006). These theories rely on a process of inducive thinking, which involves reservation observations and drawing inferences from them. The briny purpose of making observations is to identify square similarities, identify the number of instances that the similarities are existently observed to deduce a certain degree of assurance necessary to set up a theory about entirely the similar instances (Ackert, Deaves, 2009).Each of these accounting theoretical approaches are applicable in all business today. However, it would be tall(prenominal) to apply them together at the same term, since each of them has diametrical objectives (Ackert, Deaves, 2009). It is because up to an accountant to decide what approach is most accurate or best conform to for what situation. This calls for the right judgment of accountants to be able to set out the right decision in every situation or argufy that a business e ntity is faced with.Normative Theory ApproachThere are several approaches c everywhereed in this approach. Each of these theories is best suitable for a different situation (Belkaoui, 2004). Below are these different theories and confused situations where each theory is best to be applied.Historical Cost AccountingThis theory is applied in cartridge clip when the personifys or prices for things are on the rise (Murphy, 2008). The Historical live accounting theory is ground on the assumption that money holds a constant purchasing authority. The main challenge with this theory is that it assumes that the pecuniary unit is fixed and constant over fourth dimension.This theory is however found on three components. One is that in that location are specific take aims in price levels, which whitethorn be characterized by technological factors and salmagundis of consumer demands. Another component is that there is usually a universal change in price levels, which is what is kn t ake as inflation (Murphy, 2008). The threesome component is fluctuation in the exchange rates for different currencies. receivable to these three components, the book value of a business should show the received value of additions when preparing financial reports (Murphy, 2008).As stated earlier, historic price accounting is used when a federation is experiencing rising prices. Prices are expected to tin every now and then, and this may render the approach useless in most of these situations. Companies that make use of this approach are safe from overstating loot especially in times when prices are on the rise (Whittington, 2007). dissemination of cabbage in such situations can make believe the purchasing power of a community.This kind of approach may not be operable to use since it affects the operational results of the contemporary year as it includes gains asserted in previous periods of the comp any(prenominal)s existence. More to that, capital maintenance depends on maintaining an intact financial capital and purchasing power (Murphy, 2008). Using actual current values as they are bafflely in the merchandise may give a certain measure of mesh which should be well distributed to maintain a material operating(a) capital.Current Purchasing Power AccountingThis theoretical approach is best suited in situations where accountants subscribe to to maintain capital and the purchasing power of a company. The Current purchasing power accounting theory was developed on the stem that if a company distributes its profits as is required by historical accounting, then the real value of a company has to be reduced (Murphy, 2008). This means that the company would have to distribute a certain criterion of its capital.This approach applies indices and is hence easy and cheaper to apply when in such a situation (Rosenfield, 2006). This is because any adjustment that needs to be done is done at the end of a period, and on records made from historical cos t accounting.Under this approach, non-monetary summations are termed as assets that monetary value may change overtime due to inflation. Such assets include the machinery in a factory. On the other hand, net-monetary assets are defined as monetary assets minus the monetary liabilities.With this theoretical approach, changes in the purchasing power of a company are not attributed to the non-monetary assets. The loss of purchasing power comes about as a result of holding net-monetary assets (Murphy, 2008). In general circumstances of price level accounting, non-monetary assets are listed to the current purchasing power and as and then, no profits or losses are recognized. This theoretical approach is not accepted when making decisions for the company.Current Cost AccountingThis approach is best suited when trying to maintain the purchasing power of a company during times if inflation, or fluctuation of exchange rates of currencies, because it is based on actual valuations. This th eoretical approach cuts a clear line between profits that are made after sales, and the gains that come with holding an asset, be it a net-monetary asset or a non-monetary asset (Murphy, 2008).Scholars have argued that a physical or real approach to maintaining capital yields the best results in any business entity, especially in terms of income. This approach values as asset on the basis of electrical switch cost (Murphy, 2008). Operating income of the asset is determine as completed revenue, minus the replacement costs of that picky asset.This approach of calculating replacement costs is best for calculating operating profit. This makes it possible to maintain the operation capacity of the business at a constant level. The current cost operating profits before captivating gains and losses, and the realized gains of holding an asset are both counted as revenues, and hence the sum of the two equates to historical cost profit (Rosenfield, 2006).Gains of holding an asset are dif ferent from gains after making sales (Porwal, 2001). This is because are the two are dependent on differing factors in the market, most of which are beyond the control of the steering in a business. There is an uncertainty surrounding the prevalence of replacement costs though.Current cost accounting is founded on two business concepts current operating profit and doable cost savings. Current operating profit is defined as the excess of the yield value of the output sold, over the cost of related inputs. Realizable cost savings, also termed as the holding gains or losses, are the increase of the present cost of assets that the company is holding in a given period. attribute gains or losses of an asset can be realized or unrealized. For example, the holding gain of an excess in revaluation in unrealized, but is still considered as part of the business profit in the income pedagogy (Whittington, 2007).In the event that there are two companies that were started at different times, the company that was started earlier will have a larger operating profit. This is because it has less depreciation costs. Any one would think that this company has a more efficient system of running its operations in the current years than other companies that were started later. The actual case is that the management made a wise decision when starting the company. The fact that they bought their assets back in time is a contributing factor. This is a good illustration of the concept of realizable cost savings.Exit Price AccountingThis approach argues that assets should be valued as per their exit or market prices, non-marketable reproducible assets at replacement costs, and seasonal no marketable, non-reproducible assets be valued at the original cost (Rosenfield, 2006). The theory also argues that financial statements should be structured in a flair to show how much a company is able to fit to different situations and environments, and that income should be inclusive of all prof its and losses, those that have been realized and those that have not been unrealized.This approach is suitable especially when the management has to make decisions about the future of a company. The fact that it gives a straight on focus on the adaptability of a company, makes it stand out of other theories (Whittington, 2007). The adaptability of a business entity is based on how liquid or sellable its assets are. This kind of approach would come in handy at a time when a company is considering to sell some of its assets to counteract inflations in the market. affirmative Theories ApproachAs defined earlier, positive theories are used to let off and predict a phenomenon after making observations (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). Positive theories are based on the assumption that if one makes a series of observations on a behavior, they are able to develop a certain patter which they use to make conclusions and predictions. Examples of positive theories include the stakeholder theory and t he legitimacy theory (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). swab is mainly involved with relationships between people or entities that raise resources to a business ecesis (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). For instance, the relationship between the management of an organization and its owners. The main elements of most of the relationships according to this theory involve the delegation of decision making from one party (possibly the owners or management who act as the principle) and the promoter (second party). If the principle makes wrong decisions, then the two parties are in all likelihood to stomach losses, and increased costs due to in dexterity. Such expenses are known as agency costs.The Positive Accounting theory seeks to govern a way to reduce agency costs by use of contractual arrangements. It is thus based on the assumption that stakeholders will act in prefer of their own interests, and will therefore grab any opportunity available to increase their wealth (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). Wit h this assumption, morality and loyalty are definitely not characteristics of this theory (Ketz, 2006).The positive accounting theory states an organization is usually a collection of people who have individual self-interests, but are unbidden to cooperate to achieve collective goals, while at the same time, working on their personal goals (Alexander, Brittan, Joseen, 2007). One prediction of the PAT is that organizations will get along measures that organise the interests of the whole organization to self-interests. Most of these measures are based on the output of the accounting system, where the stakeholders get to share the excesses of the organization. Such mechanisms need to be backed up by financial statements.According to PAT, managers should commit themselves to preparing the financial statements (Freedman, Jaggi, 2010). This is an expensive activity and the costs incurred are known as adhere costs. Bonding costs can therefore be defines as costs incurred to relevant authorities or agents when establishing means to communicate to the principals, so that they may act in a way that will not affect goals of the organization or the individuals involved.Being part of the stakeholders, the management officials too, have their own self-interests. establish on this assumption, PAT states that the financial statements that are prepared by the management should be audited (Alexander, Brittan, Joseen, 2007). This would help avoid possibilities of the agents to act or keep in line figures in the financial statements to suit their interests. On this note, PAT assumes that not all opportunistic actions can be controlled by contractual arrangements such as the auditing do work, therefore, there will always be residual costs. Costs incurred during the auditing exercise are known as monitoring costs.Decisions or investigations that are based on the Positive accounting theory sham an efficiency sentiment or an opportunistic perspective. The efficiency persp ective seeks to materialise mechanisms that can be executed so as to reduce agency costs (Freedman, Jaggi, 2010). A good example of this is that when companies produce financial statements that have been audited, they reduce real costs since there are no hidden figures that are not well accounted for. The audited financial statement therefore serves as an efficient perspective, and thus the organization can be termed as efficient (Deegan, Samkin, 2011).Still from the efficiency perspective, accounting practices of an organization should reflect the underlying financial performance of the organization. Organizations adopt different accounting orders, which can be explained by unlike organizational characteristics. A good example of this is goodwill. If a company is able to provide reliable information about its performance, potential investors will not need to go out looking for more information from other sources. This saves time and reduces costs (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, 2 011).A company will pick an accounting regularity that will best show its underlying performance. This means that placing certain limitations or regulations on how companies prepare their financial statements can lead to a company incurring more costs than necessary, and probably not achieve their goal. Based on this, this theory recommends that companies should be allowed to prepare their financial statements in a way that best suits their operations, and that will show their underlying performances well (Deegan, Samkin, 2011).As for the opportunistic perspective, PAT seeks to explain and predict opportunistic behavior promising to happen after getting into a contractual agreement. For example, when trying to lessen agency costs, the management of a given organization can carry off a contractual arrangement to increase their bonuses on profits made. This would align the interests of the managers with those of the owners of the business entity. With the agreement in place, the management can then find other mechanisms to ensure that more profits are generated (Freedman, Jaggi, 2010). The more profits are made, the better the bonus that both the management and the owners will enjoy. These mechanisms that the management adopts may not be reflected on the set up of the organization or its assets.The opportunistic perspective assumes that owners of an organization predict that managers will at some point act opportunistic (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). The principles are therefore likely to set what accounting methods should be used. For instance, a bonus plan agreement may have a stipulation that a depreciation method be used to calculate income inform of bonuses. The management may find it a bit costly to stick to the stipulated plan, and may seek an ersatz method. Following such a possibility, PAT states that agents will always have an upper hand in deciding what accounting method to use. culminationThe above theories are applicable in different situations. Ac cording to the abbreviation put above, the two theories address different issues, and thus, it would yield contradicting results to combine them. For instance, normative theories are best applied when a company is faced with various externalities like fluctuations of currencies and inflation of prices. These affect the purchasing power of a company and thus, the theories come in handy to help the management to make decisions on how to survive such challenges.As for the positive theories to accounting theory, these come in handy when dealing with issues that affect the relationship between the major stakeholders of any business the owners and the management. The two parties may have contradicting interests, and the positive theories come in handy best in such situations.

Financial Failure Company

Financial Failure followAdvantages disadvantages of Altman Z murder Argenti A divers(prenominal)iate mildew for predicting club harm which is useful to different groups in society and extent to which these amazes rely on published pecuniary statements.The monetary failure of a beau monde peck start a devastating effect on the all septette users of monetary statements e.g. front and potential investors, customers, creditors, employees, lenders, general public etc. As a result, users of financial statements as indicated previously atomic number 18 interested in predicting not only whether a caller-up will fail, but in any case when it will fail e.g. to avoid high profile corporate failures at Enron, Arthur Anderson, and WorldCom etc. Users of financial statements bunghole predict the financial position of an formation use the Altman Z differentiate gravel, Argenti sham and by looking at the financial statements i.e. balance sheet, income statements and cash flow statements. Megginson Smart (2006, p.898, para3) defined argument failure as the unfortunate circumstance of a unfalterings inability to stop over in the billet. argumentation failure occurs when the total liabilities exceeds the total assts of a company, as total assets is consider a measure of overlapivity of a company assets. This essay looks at the pro and cons of influences in predicting corporate failures in ordering to measure the financial position of the company.Neophytou, Charitou Charalambous (2001) identified reasons for business failure as i.e. high interest rates, recession squeezed profits, heavy debt burdens, government regulations and the nature of ope balancens can contribute to a firms financial distress. The traditional analytic thinking of financial ratios has been widely utilise in disclosing of operative and financial voicelessies of an organization. Traditional ratio summary allows the users of financial statements to understand the firms performance when placed in purlieu e.g. the firms previous performance, existing economical climate etc. However, the ratio analyses is a good indicator to measure the performance but sometimes, it is hard to attain the required result due to different accounting policies, resulting in difficult to analyse the company performance based on only an man-to-man ratio. Liquidity or working capital ratios are the foundation for analysis of potential corporate failure, which is hearty to investors as they wish to know whether spare funds could be loaned to the company with reason able-bodied safety and whether the business is able to pass away back the interest and the principal itself.Business failures can be predicted by approaches like Z score and A score stickers, using a number of financial variables. Megginson Smart (2006, p.914, para1) defined Z score as the product of a quantitative model that uses a aggregate of traditional financial ratios and a statistical technique k now as MDA. Altman (1968) used multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) in the effort to find a bankruptcy forecasting model. Altman (1968) combined five ratios to produce Z score. Elliott Elliott (2006) states that companies with a Z score of 2.7 or more indicated as non failure or a going concern and firms with a Z score of 1.8 or less indicated as failure. Z score is amongst a hoar area. Altmans Z score is found to be ab knocked out(p) 90% faultless in forecasting bankruptcy one year in the next and about 80% accurate in forecasting in both years in the future. Resultantly, Altman Z score model is useful for the guidance of the company to im study the potential ability and excessively helps the users of the financial statements to fasten essential economic decisions.The users of financial statements use Z score model in order to assess the financial position of the company e.g. shareholders of a firm whitethorn use Z score to provide an primordial warning signal of fail ure i.e. to evaluate the degree of risk link up to the investment. Customers of the company may be interested in the future supplies of the product and services. If the Z score is negative, it shows that the business is at risk and customers world power select for alternative products. In the last decade, the usefulness of financial ratios for decision do has been paid increasingly attention, due to the fact that if the business fails the investors, employees, lenders, creditors etc. may all suffer the loss. Elliott Elliott (2006, p.703, para2) pointed out that the Z score analysis can be employed to rise above some of the limitations of traditional ratio analysis as it assess corporate stability and more significantly predicts potential case of corporate failures.However, Altman Z score model also have some disadvantages. Pike and Neale (2003) state that the Z score model is based on the historical financial entropy, which is a big problem in making economic decision making because some of the present circumstances can be different from the past. Also, some of the accounting policies used by companies which makes it difficult to get the required result from the Altman Z score model. In other words, we can say that corporate failure models allude to the past i.e. without taking into account the current state of the macroeconomic purlieu e.g. the level of inflation, interest rates etc. The publication of accounting data by companies is subject to a delay, failure might occur ahead the data becomes available. These failure models share the limitations of the accounting model including the accounting concepts and conventions on which they are based. Regan (2002) also identified various limitations of the Z score model i.e. use of historical data which is consistent with findings of Pike and Neale (2003). Also, Regan (2002) stated that on that point is lack of conceptual base in Z score model and lack of sensitivity to time scale of failure i.e. time f actors may not be fully taken into account. Other limitation of Z score model is that it does not provides the theory to explain bankruptcy, it only score the financial position of the company and not the fact that how to recover from this financial distress. (Taffler and Agarwal, 2007) Argenti A score model is also a well known approach for predicting corporate failures use by various users of financial statements. Sori, Hamid and Nassir (2004) pointed out the identification of potential failures can be done through a soft approach e.g. Argenti failure model (1976). They stated that a qualitative approach usually examines the non-financial variables such as type of perplexity, the number of progressive shareholders, the availability of effective accounting information systems and also the levels of gearing in different economic situations.Elliott Elliott (2006, p.706, para1) states that Argenti developed a model to predict the likeliness of company failure. This model is base d on calculating scores for a company based on three stage events i.e. breaks of the company, management mistakes and the symptoms of failure. In calculating company A score, different scores are allocated to all(prenominal) defect, mistake and symptom according to their importance. The defect exists in the organizations top management which rises due to accounting systems and wrong decisions. Management fault can make it to company failure which is high geared, over trading etc. due to these defects and mistakes, symptoms of business failure will started to rise. Various symptoms include high round turnover, delayed management decisions etc.If a company achieve a overall score of over 25 or a defect score of over 10, or a mistake score of over 15, then the company is showing classic signs leading up to failure. However, a business is understood to be a going concern if the overall score of the company mistakes and defects below 18 (Elliott Elliott, 2006). A score model is th e best tool to analyze the management performance and non financial mental process to predict the corporate failures.There are also some limitations of Argentis model. The financial health of an organization cannot be explained by specific financial indicators e.g. liquidity, return on investment, profit etc. The existence of management errors in different failure paths is also not totally clear, resulting in little differences between them (Ooghe and Prijcker, 2007). There is also no proper rule to calculate the points of defects, mistakes and symptoms which break up a rise to situation that A score model is interlocking but Z score model provides a consider word form to predict the corporate failures (Elliott and Elliott, 2006).In conclusion, this essay looks at different approaches i.e. Z score, A score to predict companies failures and their pro and cons in relation to economic decision making. Users of financial statements rely on true and fair date of these statements, s o they can get an idea of the financial position of a company because of the fact that investors are interested in their returns plus dividend, employees are interested because of the job security and bonuses etc. The traditional ratio analysis is an excellent indicator but it cannot make all decisions single handily. Z score model is based on ratios, which are based on accounting information. Z score model reduces the risk for the investors, creditors, customers, lenders etc. and modify the management of the company to increase profit levels, productivity and shareholders wealth. Altman Z score model is the best approach to predict corporate failure because it gives an exact benchmark for decision making. (Elliott and Elliott, 2006). However, publishing poor Z score of an company can also have devastating effect on the business itself as investors might withdraw the investment in the business which might result in its financial collapse of the company. Argenti A score model is a g ood approach to measure the managers performance that shows the success or failure of a company. Corporate failures are common in warlike business environment where only the fittest company has a guarantee to tolerate in the market discipline.The financial distress on a company and its management can have an intense effect on how the firm behaves and how its investors, suppliers and customers see it. When a company is in financial distress, suppliers are loth to extend credit and customers are concerned about future supplies, warranties and afterward sales services. If a company has a support of its shareholders, then the company has more chances to survive especially in this subprime mortgage crises and credit jam era. Both the qualitative and quantitative information are important in identifying financially distressed firms e.g. the financial information, share price, bank debts which also are the important distressed signals for potential failures. Predicting variables other than financial ratios may prove beneficial for the company e.g. management skills experience and other behavioural aspects that have an impact on the day to day running of the firm, could be significant in a bankruptcy prediction model.ReferencesAltman, E. (1968), Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy, Journal of Finance, Vol. 23 zero(prenominal) 4, September, pp. 580-609.Argenti, J. (1976) Corporate Collapse The Causes and Symptoms, capital of the United Kingdom McGraw-Hill.Elliott, B and Elliott, J. (2006) Financial Accounting and Reporting, 10th edition, assimilator Hall, FT.Megginson, W., and Smart S. (2006), base to Corporate Finance, Thomson Learning.Neophytou, E., Charitou, A., Charalambous, C., (2001). Predicting Corporate Failure Emprical Evidence for the UK. Discussion Paper No. 01-173, March 2001, School of Management University of Southampton, UK.Ooghe, H., and Prijcker S., (2007), Failure processes and causes of company bankruptcy a typology, Working paper.Pike, R. and Neale, B. (2003) Corporate Finance and Investment Decisions and Strategies, 4th edition Prentice HallRegan, OP (2002), Financial Information Analyses, John Wiley Sons.Taffler, J.R. and Agarwal, V (2007) Twenty-five years of the Taffler z-score model does it really have predictive ability? Accounting and Business Research, 37(4), p. 285Sori, Z., Hamid, M., and Nassir, A., (2004), Perceived failure symptoms evidence from an emerging capital market.

Dental Prosthetic Options

Dental Prosthetic OptionsS.N.IntroductionProsthetic preferences to knock back a missing tooth fall into two main categories repair prostheses and extractable prostheses.When choosing the suitable interference pickaxe to re post a missing speed incisor, multiple variables involving the patient wishes, expectations, dentist skills and training, cost of interposition, and clinical findings should be interpreted into consideration (Al-Quran et al., 2011). These factors forget have a strong influence on the short and long terms success of the treatment selected.Based on the conservation of neighbouring teething and annual ill luck order, alveolar consonant sets are the treatment of choice to replace a missing primaeval upper jaw incisor, followed by formulaic connects, and removal partial dentures (Pjetursson Lang, 2008).Facial return in coition to jump onCraniofacial development is a day-and-night process that starts intra-uterine and has sh aver different rates amid males and females (Brahim, 2005) .Skeletal maturation in males is inform to be reached at the mount up of 20, while females reach the maturation phase earlier, at the age of 17-18 years (Heij et al., 2006).Therefore, it has been recommended, when selecting the prosthetic option to replace a missing tooth, to compute the patients age into consideration. Dental Implants should be avoided until the cessation of natter development mentioned earlier (Daftary et al., 2013) or after the end of the growth fountain (Heij et al., 2006).If dental embeds are utilise before the vertical maturation is reached, it volition not grow vertically with the alveolar rise and will be submerged at different levels depending at the patients age when the sets were inserted (Brahim, 2005).Dental harm and the surrounding threadsIn most scenarios, it is rare that a single incisor will be traumatized with no damage on attached incisors, surrounding deck out, or fruity tissues. If any damag e sustained to neighbouring teeth, the office and prognosis of these teeth should be assessed, as it will have a strong impact on the selection of the definitive treatment option.traumatic avulsion of teeth, account for 0.5% 3% of all dentoalveolar trauma, and it is associated with damage to the alveolar drum, specially the buccal plate (Andreasen, 1970).After tooth extraction, reduction of the alveolar os summit meeting and breadth can be as lavishly as 50% in the outgrowth year (Schropp L, 2004) with the highest amount of bone loss within the first three months (Pietrokovski Massler, 1967).Bone loss is not even amongst the buccal and palatalised bone plates, with to a greater extent than bone loss in the buccal plate (Pietrokovski Massler, 1967) and bone width than height (Van Der Weijden et al., 2009).There are several(prenominal) treatment options that could be used for replacing a lost maxillary central incisorRemovable Partial Denture (RPD)RPD have the advantages o f minimal clinical skills required, minimal chair time, and preservation of neighbouring teeth. On the other hand, the patient triumph is low, with a sense of insecurity, high risk of accidental breakage, and loss.Still, RPD is the quickest, cheapest repla cement option of a missing incisor, and usually used as a short treatment until healing is complete and bone remodelling is minimal.Resin Retained refractory duads (RRB)Resin retained bridges share the advantage of obliterable dentures of having minimal effect on abutment teeth with no risk of pulpal blot and the reversible nature of the prostheses. It is too relatively of low cost and unobjectionable esthetic result (metal frame could be masked by dark cement on expense of translucency).The commonest ruin associated with RRB is frequent debonding of 20% over 5 years (Pjetursson et al., 2008) which could cause social embarrassment to the patient.The patient could overly be given an Essex Type retainer with a single tooth in the gap as an emergency prosthesis until recementation of the resin retained bridge is done.RRB could be used as a final prosthetic option but to a greater extent often is used as an interim government note as it could be reversed at any time, with 87.7% 5 years prognosis (Pjetursson et al., 2008)If the prosthesis is planned to be a temporary option, Rochette theatrical role wings are made with holes to facilitate frequent removal.Conventional BridgeThis is an irreversible treatment, replacing the missing tooth with a 2 or 3 units conventional bridge. These offer superior retention and aesthetics over RRB by the mean of spacious coverage of the abutment teeth. The main drawback is the need to reduce the give-up the ghost tooth structure of the abutments with 20% risk of nerve damage and high dental caries risk. The reduction of tooth structure is more for porcelain fused to metal or full ceramic/Zirconia crowns than full crown which is a requirement in the anterior aesthet ic zone.According to previous studies, if the adjacent teeth are severed, or in need of being crowned, the conventional bridge is to be preferred (Annual failure rate 1.14%) (Pjetursson Lang, 2008).The success rate is reported to be 90 % for 10 years and 72% for 15 years (Pjetursson et al., 2008) and (Burke Lucarotti, 2012).Endosseous dental implantsWhen considering the success rate, dental implants are reported to have the highest documented pick rate of 94% for 5 years (Attard Zarb, 2003) and 89% over 15 years (Pjetursson et al., 2008).Dental Implants have numerous advantages over the antecedently mentioned treatment options.Comparing dental implants to other fixed treatment modalities, there is no danger of pulpable damage of adjacent teeth, as no abutment teeth provision is involved. Implants also facilitate the patients daily spontaneous hygienics routines nearly the prosthesis, since there are no connectors between the prostheses and abutment teeth, making flossing poss ible.Furthermore, the alimentation and regular follow ups by the dentist is easier for dental implants. Removing a conventional bridge is a challenging task compared to screw retained implant supported crowns which could be removed and re-inserted multiple times when required (not applicable to cemented crowns).For implant supported redresss in the anterior maxillary region, a little patient assessment, implant site assessment, and proper treatment planning is the gravestone for a roaring restoration. The planning should be derived from the restorative point of involve not guided by the availability of bone. The following points should be guardedly assessedLip position at rest and make a faceThe patients aesthetic expectations should be coupled with the upper lip position at rest and when smiling.In most cases, 2 mm of the incisal edge of the central incisors should show at rest, and it could be every 100% of all the incisors (high smile line), more than 75% visible (medium smile line), or (low smile line) wake less than 75% of the incisors.With low smile line lip position, the aesthetic challenges are lower, and the emphasis on soft tissue contouring and papilla diversity is also lower (Tjan et al., 1984).If the patients expectations are high while having high smile line, patient education should take place prior to implant treatment as the implant treatment could be deemed a failure if did not meet the patients aesthetic requirements despite been successful in every other aspect.Attached gingiva and surrounding soft tissueThe attached gingiva could have thick, moderate, or thin architecture. thickheaded gingiva is more common than the thin biotype it appears as a more stippled, flat fibrous band of attached mucosa, masking the underlying skeletal contours. It is associated with higher resistance to recession, better soft tissue contouring, and resistance to peri-implant disease. On the other hand, thin gingival biotypes are found in 15% of popul ation (Tjan et al., 1984) and it is a thinner mucosal layer with the bony scalloping presentation through it. This type is more prone to exposure of the implant and conciliatory the aesthetic result (Tjan et al., 1984).The thin biotype has been associated with long triangular teeth and more incisally positioned fill points, while the thick biotype is associated with shorter, square crowns with more apically positioned contact points (hence, more papillary regeneration).Implant size usedImplant size has a direct effect on the emergence profile of the coronal restoration and aesthetics. Natural existing teeth and easy bone are helping factors when selecting the right implant diameter, while implant length should provide a safety withdrawnness to the surrounding anatomical structures.The implant diameter should kick 1.5 mm between implant and neighbouring teeth (and 3mm between adjacent implant fixtures) (Jivraj Chee, 2006).The gingival biotype also should not be overlooked when selecting the fixture diameter, for illustration if wider implants are used with thin gingival biotype, the risk of recession is higher (Rodriguez Rosenstiel, 2012).Implant positionFor the most aesthetic emergence profile, implants should be set 1.5 mm 2 mm from the adjacent tooth, 3mm 4mm apical to CEJ (Jivraj Chee, 2006), and ideally should be placed under the proposed cingulum of the coronal restoration.A diagnostic wax up and a prefabricated surgical stent are of very important in decision making the crown and implant positions, and evaluating the amount of bony defect and the need for bone imbed. Transfaring the surgical stent into the patients mouth will allow the visualization of the amount of incisor show and smile lines.The implant position and angulation will say the abutment type and the retention method used for the restoration (screw or cement retained).Available bone quality and quantityBone density has been sort by Lekholm and Zarb (1985) into 4 categories Homogenous compact bone,Thick cortical bone around dense trabecular bone,Dense trabecular bone cover by thin cortical bone,Very thin cortex wrap minimal density trabeculae.Types 3 and 4 are associated with more failure rates, and are more found in the maxilla. Therefore, under -preparation of the osteotomy site could be done to gain higher initial stability.Branemark et al 1977 defined ossteointegeration as direct structural and functional connection between living bone and load carrying implant. Implant fixture should be in direct contact with healthy bone in three dimensions. Therefore, the amount of available bone required around any dental implant is 1.5 mm buccally and palatally, 3 mm between adjacent implants and at least 1.5mm -2mm between implants and adjacent teeth (Misch, 2008) and (Rodriguez Rosenstiel, 2012).If buccal bone width is not sufficient, a smaller diameter implant that will be functionally and esthetically sound could be selected. It will also allow slight pa latal positioning (Rodriguez Rosenstiel, 2012). Bone grafting/augmentation procedure could be done to add up the bone thickness (Esposito et al., 2009) and bone could be sourced fromPatients own bone (Autogenous graft) commonly could be harvested from calvarian bone, iliac crest, mandibular ramus or chin. This provides highest reported success rates (Esposito et al., 2009).Different human bone (Allograft) usually from cadaveric bone. Bone undergoes special treatment to be deproteinized and freezed (Esposito et al., 2009).Animal sources (Xenograft) usually overawe or pigs.Synthetic materials (Alloplast) artificial graft material which could be used solely or in conjunction with autogenous grafts (Esposito et al., 2009).Bone regeneration membranes these are used to act as a barrier between the superficial soft tissue and the grafted bone or material to proceed ingrowth of the fibrous tissue and allow pure bone development. These membranes could be either natural or synthetic, reso rbable or non- resporbable.If block bone graft is used, it should be allowed to heal for minimum 3 months before implant placement, while bone augmentation with alloplastic materials and membranes could be done simultaneously (Esposito et al., 2009).It is worth mentioning that porcine- derived bone and membranes may not be acceptable by some patients based on their apparitional beliefs and a specific consent should be obtained.The bone height will also impact the papilla formation, together with the crown shape and level of contact points the papilla regeneration is favourable is square crown, broad apical contact points, and when the distance is around 4-5 mm between bone crest and contact points (Rodriguez Rosenstiel, 2012) and (Tarnow et al., 2003). upright piano bone augmentation has been shown to be unpredictable (Esposito et al., 2009) and the patient should be aware of the sable triangles (lack of papilla) if vertical bone is deficient (Tarnow et al., 2003).ConclusionBased on the previously discussed factors and the evidence available, dental implant would be the treatment of choice if the neighbouring teeth are of good prognosis and the aesthetic results are realistic. It is safe to place an implant in 20 years old male, as the growth of the jaws is complete. A diagnostic wax up and stent could be made to value the aesthetics, and available bone. A 4.5 mm buccal width is not plenteous to place a suitable size implant in a suitable bony envelope, so a block done graft for will be needed before the implant placement. If the source of the trauma was sports related and likely to occur again, a mouth guard should be worn to protect the implant and teeth during activity.BibliographyAbt, E.C.A.B.W.H.V., 2012. Interventions for replacing missing teeth partially absent dentition. Cochrane database of systematic check outs (Online), (2).Al-Quran, Firas F., A.-G.R. N, A.-Z.B., 2011. Single-tooth replacement factors affecting different prosthetic treatment m odalities. BMC Oral Health, 11(1), p.34.Andreasen, J.O., 1970. Etiology and pathogenesis of traumatic dental injuries A clinical study of 1,298 cases. European ledger of Oral Sciences, 78(1-4), pp.329-42.Andreasen, J.O., 2007. Textbook and Color atlas vertebra of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth. 4th ed. Copenhagen Blackwell Munksgaard.Attard, N.J. Zarb, G.A., 2003. Implant prosthodontic management of partially toothless patients missing posterior teeth The Toronto experience. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 89(4), pp.352-59.Brahim, J.S., 2005. Dental implants in children. Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America, 17(4), pp.375-81.Burke, F.J.T. Lucarotti, P.S.K., 2012. Ten year natural selection of bridges placed in the General Dental Services in England And Wales. Journal of Dentistry, 40(11), pp.886-95.Daftary, F., Mahallati, R., Bahat, O. Sullivan, R.M., 2013. Lifelong craniofacial growth and the implications for osseointegrated implants. he Internationa l daybook of oral maxillofacial implants, 28(1), pp.163-9.Day, P. Duggal, M., 2010. Interventions for treating traumatized permanent front teeth avulsed (knocked out) and replanted. The Cochrane Library, (1).Eghbali, A., De Rouck, T., De Bruyn, H. Cosyn, J., 2009. The gingival biotype assessed by experience and inexperienced clinicians. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 36(11), pp.958-963.Esposito, M. et al., 2009. Interventions for replacing missing teeth swimming and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental implant treatment (Review). The Cochrane Library, (4).Heij, D.G.O. et al., 2006. Facial development, continuous tooth eruption, and mesial drift as compromising factors for implant placement. The International journal of oral maxillofacial implants, 21(6), pp.867-78.Jivraj, S. Chee, W., 2006. Treatment planning of implants in the aesthetic zone. British Dental Journal, 201(2), p.77.Misch, C.E., 2008. Contemporary Implant Dentistry. 3rd ed. Mosby.Pietrokovski, J. Massler, M., 1967. Alveolar ridge reabsorption following tooth extraction. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 17(1), pp.21-7.Pjetursson, B.E. Lang, N.P., 2008. Prosthetic treatment planning on the basis of scientific evidence. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 35(1), pp.72-79.Pjetursson, B.E. et al., 2008. A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of resinbonded bridges after an placard period of at least 5 years. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(2), pp.131-41.Rodriguez, A.M. Rosenstiel, S.F., 2012. enhancive considerations related to bone and soft tissue maintenance and development around dental implants Report of the Committee on Research in Fixed Prosthodontics of the American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 108(4), pp.259-67.S. Jivraj, W.C., 2006. precept for dental implants. BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL, 200(12), pp.661-65.Schropp L, W.A.K.L.K.T., 2004. Bone healing and soft tissue contour changes following single-to oth extraction A clinical and radiographic 12-month future study. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 91(1), pp.92-92.Tarnow, D. et al., 2003. Vertical distance from the crest of bone to the height of the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants. Journal of periodontology, 74(12), pp.1785-8.Tjan, A.H.L., Miller, G.D. The, J.G.P., 1984. Some esthetic factors in a smile. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 51(1), pp.24-28.Van Der Weijden, F., Dell Acqua, F. Slot, D.E., 2009. Alveolar bone dimensional changes of postextraction sockets in humans a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 36(12), pp.1048-58.

The Turbidity Test for Pasteurized Milk

The Turbidity Test for Pasteurized drawMilk and dairy farm farm harvest-times, much(prenominal) as convulse and yogurt, be an important food group in the food pyramid. This food group provides us with calcium, which is not only crucial in streng and thening our bones, but also important in many an(prenominal) biological processes, such as facilitating the release of neurotransmitters that transmit nerve impulses crossways a synapse. Since dairy products serve such importance in our diet, dairy products manufacturing diligence takes extra precaution in ensuring that these products meet the guidelines set by statutory bodies, one of which is that the maximum lactic savage content tot exclusivelyyowed in draw is 0.15% w/w. Hence, the industry pull up stakes employ various methods to match the quality of take out. As such, in order to better understand these industrial methods, 2 groups of experiments relating to titratable sullenness (TA) of selected foods and turbi dity testing for change integrity, UHT and sterilised take out were carried egress. The titratable deadlyulentity test allows us to determine the titratable moroseness of a attempt as lactic sulphurous (for dairy products) or citric panelling (for lowlife curd) alike. Basically, TA, as an acid equivalent, of a food product measures the centre numerate of that particular reference acid in the selected food. This reference acid is the major(ip) acid component, amongst all types of acid cave in in the food, which we want to quantify. TA is different from pH as pH only measures the H+ dissociated from the acid gram moleculeecules. Hence, TA is a more(prenominal) accurate measure of the degree of spoilage of dairy products than pH. The turbidity test however, serves a different function in hurt of quality verify. It is unremarkably employ by the industry to test if disinfect draw products have been sufficiently sterilized.Titratable acidulousness of Selected Food sMaterialsPhenolphthalein as indicator50.00ml buret10.0ml graduated pipetteWhite porcelain basinMagnetic sc atomic number 18monger examine 1 Titratable moroseness of MilkPasteurized milk (Farmhouse Fresh Milk), expires on 20/9/12UHT milk (Marigold UHT Full skim over), expires on 15/6/130.01M sodium hydroxide (actual assimilation is 0.0107M) essay 2 Titratable Acidity of jactitateSour beat (Bulla Sour Cream), expires on 14/9/12Yoghurt (FN Alive Yoghurt), expires on 11/9/120.1M sodium hydroxide (actual constriction is 0.105M)pH meterExperiment 3 Titratable Acidity of bum CurdLemon curd (Waitrose git curd), expired on Feb 120.1M sodium hydroxide (actual concentration is 0.105M)MethodsTitration of selected food products against NaOH of known concentrations were carried out in order to determine the titratable acidity of these food products. The titratable acidity in lactic acid or citric acid equivalent was then determined by via stoichiometric ratio of the acid to the amount of NaOH, as seen in the stoichiometric calculations below. 3 sets of titrations for 3 different groups of food products, in the main pasteurized milk and UHT milk, forbidding cream and yoghurt, and lemon curd, were carried.Experiment 1 Titratable Acidity of Milk10.0 ml of pasteurized milk was transferred to a white porcelain basin. 1.0 ml of phenolphthalein indicator was then added to this sample. The burette was fill up with 0.01M NaOH and then titrated against the pasteurized milk sample. End-point of titration was identified when a demented tap coloring material persisted for at least 10 s. Initial and nett burette nurtures were enter in Table 1 below. The procedure was restate thrice for twain pasteurized and UHT milk.Experiment 2 Titratable Acidity of Cream10.00 g of sour cream was transferred to a white porcelain basin. 10.0 ml of water supply was added to the sample and abstruse and pH was then measured. 1.0 ml of phenolphthalein indicator was added to the dilute d sample. The burette was filled up with 0.1M NaOH and then titrated against the sour cream sample. End-point of titration was identified when a pale pink colouring material persisted for at least 10 s. Initial and nett burette readings were record in Table 2 below. The procedure was repeated thrice for both sour cream and yoghurt.Experiment 3 Titratable Acidity of Lemon Curd10.00 g of lemon curd was transferred to a white porcelain basin. 10.0 ml of water was added to the sample and mixed. 1.0 ml of phenolphthalein indicator was added to the diluted sample. The burette was filled up with 0.1M NaOH and then titrated against the lemon curd sample. End-point of titration was identified when a pale pink colouration persisted for at least 10 s. Initial and final burette readings were recorded in Table 3 below. The procedure was repeated two more times.ResultsExperiment 1 Titratable Acidity of MilkTable 1 Titration of pasteurized and UHT milk against 0.01M NaOHMilk samplevol. of milk m easured (ml) middling vol.of milk (ml)initial burette reading (ml)final burette reading (ml)vol. of NaOH used (ml)average vol. of NaOH used* (ml)Pasteurized Milk10.010.050.0037.6512.3512.3510.037.6525.1512.5010.025.1512.8012.35UHT Milk10.010.050.0037.7012.3012.3010.037.7025.3012.4010.025.3013.0012.30Pasteurized MilkCH3CHOHCO- Na+OCH3CHOHCOHO+ NaOH + H2O (1) tote up of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x NaOH= (12.35/ vitamin C0)(0.0107)= 1.32 x 10-4 molFrom (1), lactic acid NaOH is 11amount of lactic acid in 10.0ml of pasteurized milk = 1.32 x 10-4 molConcentration of lactic acid (in mol/100mL) equivalent in pasteurized milk= (1.32 x 10-4) / (10/100)= 1.32 x 10-3 mol/100mLConcentration of lactic acid equivalent in g/100mL in pasteurized milk= (molar concentration (in mol/100mL) of lactic acid equivalent) x (molar chew of lactic acid)= (1.32 x 10-3)(90.08)= 0.119 g/100mLUHT MilkAmount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x NaOH= (12.30/1000)(0.0107)= 1.31 x 10-4 molFr om (1), lactic acid NaOH is 11amount of lactic acid in 10.0ml of UHT milk = 1.31 x 10-4 molConcentration of lactic acid (in mol/100mL) equivalent in UHT milk = (1.31 x 10-4) / (10/100)= 1.31 x 10-3 mol/100mLConcentration of lactic acid equivalent in g/100mL in UHT milk= (molar concentration (in mol/100mL) of lactic acid equivalent) x (molar mass of lactic acid)= (1.31 x 10-3)(90.08)= 0.118 g/100mLFrom the calculations, it locoweed be seen that both the titratable acidities of pasteurized milk and UHT milk in lactic acid equivalent are below 0.15%, the maximum allowed titratable acidity of milk in lactic acid equivalent. As such, both samples are deemed safe for consumption. The titratable acidity of pasteurized milk is also observe to be disregardly to a high place that of UHT milk by a very comminuted concentration of 0.001 g/100mL. This suggests that pasteurized milk contains slightly more microbes than UHT milk, which goes in tandem with the properties of pasteurized milk. This is because pasteurized milk is heatinged to somewhat 65oC for at least 30 minutes in order to preserve the smack of milk, while UHT milk is heated at 135oC for about 2 seconds6. Hence, few microbes are effaceed in pasteurized milk than UHT milk. As such, pasteurized milk get out have slightly higher lactic acid concentration which is produced from the fermentation of milk sugar by microbes.However, the magnitude of difference of 0.001 g/100mL compassed from the titration results is alike blue to make the above conclusive deduction. The average vol. of NaOH used is near identical for both milk samples as on that point is only a difference of 0.05 ml, making the titration results roundwhat anomalous. The main reason for this anomaly is the subjectiveness of the end-point of titration. The colour change of phenolphthalein from colourless to pale pink is very rocky to ascertain by naked eye for the inexperienced, unlike workers in this industry who carry out large vol umes of titrations every day. As such, the irresolute pink that I observed in pasteurized milk is virtually belike not the true end-point of titration or it could be that the faint pink I observed in UHT milk is over the end-point of titration for UHT milk.Experiment 2 Titratable Acidity of CreamTable 2 Titration of sour cream and yoghurt against 0.1M NaOHCream samplepH of sampleaverage pHmass ofsample (g)average mass of sample (g)initial burette reading (ml)final burette reading (ml)vol. of NaOH used (ml)average vol. of NaOH used* (ml)Sour Cream4.484.4910.0010.0050.0044.605.405.404.5010.0144.6039.205.404.509.9939.2033.805.40Yoghurt4.434.3810.019.9950.0037.9012.1012.304.3410.0037.9025.6012.304.389.9825.6013.3012.30Sour CreamAmount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x NaOH= (5.40/1000)(0.105)= 5.67 x 10-4 molFrom (1), lactic acid NaOH is 11amount of lactic acid in 10.00g of sour cream = 5.67 x 10-4 mol cumulation of lactic acid in 10.00g of sour cream = (amount of lactic acid) x (molar mass of lactic acid)= (5.67 x 10-4)(90.08)= 0.0511gConcentration of lactic acid equivalent (in %w/w) in sour cream= (mass of lactic acid in 10.00g of sour cream) / (average mass of sour cream) x 100%= (0.0511) / (10.00) x 100%= 0.511% (w/w)YoghurtAmount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x NaOH= (12.30/1000)(0.105)= 1.29 x 10-3 molFrom (1), lactic acid NaOH is 11amount of lactic acid in 9.99g of yoghurt = 1.29 x 10-3 molMass of lactic acid in 9.99g of yoghurt = (amount of lactic acid) x (molar mass of lactic acid)= (1.29 x 10-3)(90.08)= 0.116 gConcentration of lactic acid equivalent (in %w/w) in yoghurt= (mass of lactic acid in 9.99g of yoghurt) / (average mass of yoghurt) x 100%= (0.116) / (9.99) x 100%= 1.16% (w/w)From the results of this experiment in Table 2, we passel see that titratable acidity is not equal to pH, and it shares an inverse relationship with pH, where pH = -lgH+. This is because lactic acid is an organic acid and hence it is a weak acid. As such, lactic acid only partially dissociates, giving a H+ that is tear down than the fall lactic acid concentration. This is due to the low acid dissociation constant, Ka, of lactic acid. However, by proportionality, it is observed that higher concentrations of lactic acid molecules will keep back a higher deprotonated H+. This is observed in Table 2 where the write down pH of yoghurt corresponds to a higher average volume of NaOH lacked to neutralize the lactic acid present.In addition, an otherwise reflexion is that yoghurt requires more than twice the volume of 0.1M NaOH to neutralize the lactic acid present as compared to sour cream even though yoghurt is lower in pH by 0.11. This is mainly attributed to the battlefront of probiotics added into yoghurt. As such, this government agency that more lactose in yoghurt is converted into lactic acid, resulting in the marked difference in average vol. of NaOH required for neutralization. This second observation also proves that pH is not a true measure of total lactic acid content in dairy products as this small difference in pH is accompanied by a larger than proportionate difference in volume of NaOH required for neutralization.Experiment 3 Titratable Acidity of Lemon CurdTable 3 Titration of lemon curd against 0.105M NaOHSamplemass ofsample (g)average mass of sample (g)initial burette reading (ml)final burette reading (ml)vol. of NaOH used (ml)average vol. of NaOH used*(ml)Lemon Curd10.0010.0050.0029.2020.8020.3510.0029.208.9020.3010.0050.0029.6020.40*As 3 sets of titration were conducted for each sample in order to remedy the precision and reproducibility of the titration results, the average volume of NaOH was taken as the average of the 2 closest values of vol. of NaOH used in titration so as to be more precise.CNa+O-OCH2COHCO- Na+OCH2CO- Na+OCHOOCH2COHCOHOCH2COHO+ 3NaOH + 3H2O (2)Amount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x NaOH= (20.35/1000)(0.105)= 2.14 x 10-3 molFrom (2), citric a cid NaOH is 13amount of citric acid in 10.00g of lemon curd = (amount of NaOH used) / 3= 7.13 x 10-4 mol milling machinery mass of citric acid = 6(12) + 8(1) + 7(16) = 192 g mol-1 mass of citric acid in 10.00g of lemon curd= (amount of citric acid) x (molar mass of citric acid)= (7.13 x 10-4)(192)= 0.137 gConcentration of citric acid equivalent (in % w/w) in lemon curd= (mass of citric acid in 10.00g of lemon curd) / (average mass of lemon curd) x 100%= (0.137) / (10.00) x 100%= 1.37% (w/w)As calculated above, the concentration of citric acid equivalent in lemon curd is 1.37% (w/w), which is well above the minimum standard of 0.33% (w/w) set by legislation in some parts of the world. Hence, it can be deduced that this sample of lemon curd has passed the quality falsify measure. Citric acid is used as the reference for quality control of lemon curd mainly because citric acid is present in the largest amount of money in lemons. Hence, measuring citric acid concentration present wil l be a good measure of the quality of the lemon curd. As such, this is a quality lemon curd sample. Even though this lemon curd product expired on February 2012, the citric acid content should not be significantly affected by microbial decomposition mainly because the acidulent environment due to citric acid is not suitable for most bacteria to thrive.DiscussionThere are a few data-based procedures which can be improved on. Firstly, as mentioned in the results of experiment 1, the faint pink observed to mark the end-point of titration is subject to a large bank of human error. As such, a better method to solve the materialization of colour subjectivity is to use a colorimeter to determine an volume of pink as the end-point of titration, thus eliminating any inaccuracies that result from human error.Secondly, it was observed that the dilution of products of a more viscous consistency, such as sour cream and lemon curd, did not yield a homogenous consistency as compared with the mi lk samples and yoghurt. As such, the titrated NaOH may not have actually reacted with all the acid molecules as some acid molecules may be confine inside the granular particles. This can be overcome by vortexing the cream and water compartmentalization in a sealed round-bottom conelike flask to ensure a homogenous resolve is obtained, allowing us to obtain more accurate titration results.Thirdly, for runny liquid samples such as milk, there is a risk of vent due to splashing when the magnetic stirrer operates probably due to the large subject opening of the porcelain basin. Splashing can be overcome by using a cone-shaped flask to contain the samples and place a white tile under the conical flask so that the change in colour of milk can be made more obvious. This is because a conical flask has a much narrower neck and therefore a significantly narrower opening, thus minimizing spillage from splashing. In this way, more accurate titration results can be obtained.For lemon cur d, manifestly measuring the citric acid concentration is insufficient to conclude a quality product. This is mainly due to the possibility of adulteration of lemon curd by adding more citric acid chemical, just like how milk was load by the adding melamine. As such, additional qualitative methods can be employed, such as measuring the concentration of certain chemical substances more ridiculous to lemon, such as limonene.Turbidity test for pasteurized, UHT and sterilized milkMaterials ammonium ion ion sulfate powderPasteurized milkUHT milkSterilized milkMethod4.0g of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, was dissolved in 20.0 ml of pasteurized milk. The mixture was allowed to stand for at least 5 min and subsequently filtered. 5 ml of the filtrate was collected in a test-tube and then set in boiling water bath for at least 5 min. The test-tube containing filtrate was then cooled in cold water and the contents were examined for presence of turbidity.Results DiscussionTable 4 Turbidity test resultsSample contemplationPasteurized milkA cloudy pale yellow effect with precipitation was observed.UHT milkA cloudy pale yellow ascendant was observed.Sterilized milkA clear pale yellow source was observed.The turbidity test is useful in telling us if a sample of milk is sufficiently sterilized, whereby a clear solution will be observed. The turbidity test is first carried out by adding a denaturing agent, usually ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, to the milk sample. As NH4+ exhibits acidic properties, as shown in the assumeing equation,NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+this addition of ammonium ions will bring about an increase in H+, resulting in the disruption of casein micelle structure. This causes casein proteins to go down and coagulate as they interact with the ammonium and sulphate ions.For those casein and milk whey proteins that are already denatured by heat treatment during processing, ammonium and sulphate ions will form interactions with the charged R-groups of the acidi c and basic amino group acid residues, causing them to precipitate out of the solution.These precipitate are obtained as the residue from filtration. The filtrate obtained contains mostly undenatured whey proteins and probably some unprecipitated protein molecules encapsulated in the casein micelle structure amidst a solution of ammonium sulphate and other soluble milk products such as lactose.Upon heat treatment in a 100oC water bath, the milk proteins denature and are thus exposed to ammonium sulphate. They undergo the same mode of action with ammonium sulphate as described above, resulting in the observed precipitation.Referring to AVA regulations, pasteurised milk is be to be milk that has been subjected to a single heat-treatment of 62.8 65.6oC for at least 30 min or 72 73.5oC for at least 15 s UHT milk is defined as milk that has been heated at a temperature of at least 135oC for at least 2 s sterilized milk is milk heated to 100oC long enough to sufficiently kill all micro bes.As such, sterilized milk will have all the casein and whey proteins fully denatured and free in the milk due to prolonged heating. Whereas UHT milk will have a slight concentration of undenatured proteins present due to a short high heat treatment. For pasteurized milk however, it will contain the highest concentration of undenatured proteins due to last-place heat treatment temperature. Hence, the experimental observation in Table 4 clearly fits the hypothesis. On a side note, the yellow pale solution observed is most likely due to the Maillard reaction between lactose in and amino compounds in milk.ConclusionTitratable acidity and the turbidity test for milk is but only 2 out of the many methods that the milk processing industry employs to ensure that the heat treatments have produced milk that are safe for human consumption.The main disadvantage that lies with milk treated with higher heat processes is the loss of flavour. The nutrients that are lost during heat are usually r eplaced (e.g. enriched milk) and hence this is less of a concern for milk. As such, it is the companys decision on whether to process milk with an emphasis on taste or shelf-life. Nevertheless, it is of period importance that the milk products remain well within the margin of natural rubber as stated by regulations.At the same time, regulatory bodies need to stay alert and play a part in ensuring that companies follow the safety guidelines, less an incident like the adulteration of dairy products by means of melamine addition may occur again.

Diffusion Of Responsibility Is A Phenomenon English Language Essay

dispersion Of Responsibility Is A Phenomenon English Language EssayDo the hobby Do perception and our instinct to force up to society and pledge doctor our ability to retrieve slenderly? View the avocation video on the Milgram Experiment http//youtu.be/W147ybOdgpEWhy did about 50% of the shells, normal ein truthday Americans, induce lethal doses of electrical shocks (it was really still an actor pretending to be electrocuted)?To be successful in this assignment, judge the following tender biases (write star (1) page in Microsoft devise or WordPad)Evaluate the Milgram examine from the situation of root force and con make believeity.1. Using Chapter 4 of the schoolbook, describe of how multitude squeeze and conformity affected the force of the try out. Your response should be about both paragraphs (4-5 sentences all(prenominal))in length.2. For each example, include at least iodin and yet(a) plagiarize (citation) from the book that supports yourevaluation .Evaluate the Milgram experiment from the perspective of diffusion of responsibleness.3. Using Chapter 4 of the textbook, describe how diffusion of duty affected the out hail of the experiment. Your answer should be about cardinal paragraphs (4-5 sentences each) in length.4. For each example, include at least one quote (citation) from the book that supports yourevaluation.*Be sure to include citations from the textbook utilise the following format-Quote from the book (Boss, 2010. Pg )Use MS Word or WordPad to complete your assignment.Your teacher wants to know how conformity affected the outcome of the experiment, with quotations from your text to back it up. Then they want you to explain how diffusion of function affected the outcome, with more quotes from the text to back it up. spreading of responsibility is a phenomenon that occurs when we take credit for our successes still blame others for our failures. Taking credit for our successes and blaming others for our failures is a type of self-serving bias. Diffusion of responsibility occurs in throngs of mountain to a higher(prenominal) place a certain threshold, where responsibility is non explicitly assigned to picky individuals, and where people subsequently tend not to regard those responsibilities as their concerns, or conceive of those responsibilities as belonging to others.While the specifics of whom we assign to the out crowd is learned, our brain seems to be wired to see the populace in monetary value of one of us/one of them. grouping imperativeness and the urge to conform be so firm in humans that it can ready us to deny recite that is pay before our eyes. (Boss, 2010. Pg 120)This the e-book In Chapter 4 we willLearn about the nature and limitations of human friendship list between rationalism and empiricismLearn about antithetic types of turn outSet guidelines for evaluating evidenceLook at sources for researching claims and evidenceStudy different types of cognitive/perce ptual errors, including self-serving biasesLearn how well-disposed expectations and group pressure can lead to erroneous thinkingFinally, we will examine the evidence and arguments regarding unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and what type of proof would be necessary to settle their existence.Group Pressure and ConformityGroup pressure can check individual members to take positions that they would never support by themselves, as happened in the Stanford Prison experiment described in Chapter 1. nearly religious cults achievement this tendency by separating their members from the dissenting views of family and friends. In m some(prenominal) cults, people stick out together, eat together, and may nevertheless be assigned a buddy.Group pressure is so powerful in shaping how we see the world that it can lead people to deny contrary evidence that is right before their eyes. In the 1950s, social psychologist Solomon Asch carried out a series of experiments in which he showed recko n bailiwicks a screen containing a standard line on the left and three resemblance lines on the right. peerless of the comparison lines was the identical length as the standard line and the other dickens were of significantly different lengths.40 In each case, an unsuspecting study subject was introduced into a group with six confederates, who had been told by the experimenter to give the defective answer. The group was then shown the lines. The experimenter asked one of the confederates which of the three lines on the right they opinion was the same length as the standard line. The confederate, without hesitation, gave a wrong answer. The next fewer confederates gave the same answer. By now, the nave subject was showing puzzlement and all the same dismay. How can six people be wrong?Page 121 aft(prenominal) hearing six wrong answers, 75 per centum of the nave study subjects, rather than trust the evidence of their senses, succumbed to group pressure and gave the same wron g answer. Even more surprising is the fact that when questioned laterward, some(prenominal) of these study subjects had really come to believe the wrong answer was correct.The desire for agreement is normal. However, this desire, when feature with our innate tendency to divide the world into one of us and one of them, can lead to the exclusion of those who disagree with the majority, since people tend to take being around people who agree with them. In the corporate world, noise is often tacitly discouraged. Outliers or nonconformists who do not agree with group members may be excluded by committee chairs from barely discussions or even fired.41Because of our connatural tendency to conform to what others think, we cannot consider that agreement leads to truth without noesis about the manner and conditions under which the agreement was arrived. Indeed, the current emphasis on seeking group consensus in decision making may be unreli equal. In consensus seeking, the majority in a group is often able to sway the whole group to its view.http//textflow.mcgraw-hill.com/ frame of references/007742168X/bos38200_ta0414b.jpgASCH EXPERIMENTIn Aschs experiment, the nave subject (left) shows puzzlement when the other subjects give what is obviously a wrong answer.http//textflow.mcgraw-hill.com/figures/007742168X/bos38200_ta0427.jpg intelligence QUESTIONSWhat do you think the nave subject in the picture supra is thinking?Think back to a sentence when you were in a similar situation where you thought you were correct, but everyone else with you thought something else. How did you respond to the variation between your belief and theirs?http//textflow.mcgraw-hill.com/figures/007742168X/bos38200_highlighter_recto.jpgAs with other errors in our thinking, we need to set about strategies to recognize and compensate for our human inclination to conform to groupthink. When a group comes to a decision, we need to mentally step back from the group and cautiously evaluate t he evidence for a particular position rather than assume that the majority must be correct. In competitive ice glide and diving, because of the danger of a judges scoring being contaminated by what other judges say, scoring is done individually, rather than as a group decision.Page 122Diffusion of ResponsibilityDiffusion of responsibility is a social phenomenon that occurs in groups of people higher up a critical size. If responsibility is not explicitly assigned to us, we tend to regard it as not our problem but as belonging to someone else. We be practically more likely to come to someones promote if we are alone than if we are in a crowd.We are much more likely to come to someones aid if we are alone than if we are in a crowd.This phenomenon is similarly known as bystander apathy or the Kitty Genovese syndrome. In 1964, twenty-eight-year-old Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her New York City flat building. Her killer left twice, when people in the building turned on thei r lights, before he came back a third time and killed her. In the half hour that lapsed during the attack, none of Genoveses thirty-eight neighbors, who had heard her ingeminate cries for help, called the police. More recently, in June 2008, an elderly man was struck by a hit-and-run driver on a engross street in Hartford, Connecticut. The man lay in the street paralyzed and bleeding from his toss while bystanders gawked at or ignored him. Motorists drove around his system without s clearping. No one offered any assistance until an ambulance finally turned up. Diffusion of responsibility can overly occur in group hazing at fraternities where no one comes to the rescue of a pledge who is clearly in distress.As social beings, we are vulnerable to the one of us/one of them error, social expectations, and group conformity. When in groups, we also tend to regard something as not our problem unless responsibility is assigned to us. Although these traits may promote group cohesiveness , they can interfere with magnetic coreive critical thinking. As good critical thinkers we need to be aware of these tendencies, and to cultivate the ability to think separately while still taking into consideration others perspectives. Errors in our thinking also make us more vulnerable to falling for or using fallacies in arguments. Well be studying some of these fallacies in the following chapter.http//textflow.mcgraw-hill.com/figures/007742168X/bos_38200_ta0428.jpgThe phenomenon of diffusion of responsibility was regrettably illustrated when no one came to the aid of a seriously injured man lying in a busy street in Hartford, Connecticut after being struck by a hit-and-run driver in May 2008. The victim, Angel Torres, posterior died from the injuries he sustained.Page 123EXERCISE 4-4http//textflow.mcgraw-hill.com/figures/007742168X/bos38200_stop.jpg1.Whom do you define as us and whom do you put in the category of them? question how you skill go about widening the us categor y to include more people who are now in your them category.2.Humans seem to have inborn biases toward particular types of people. According to a University of Florida study, when it comes to hiring, employers have a more flourishing view of tall people. When it comes to earnings, every extra inch of height above the norm is worth $789 a year. In fact, nine of ten top executives are taller than the typical employee.42 Given this cognitive error and its impact on hiring practices, discuss whether or not affirmative action policies should prevail to very short people. Relate your answer to the discussion in the text of the effect of this cognitive error on our thinking.3.Think of a time when your social expectations led you to misjudge a person or a situation. talk of strategies for improving your critical-thinking skills so that this is less likely to happen.4.Think of a time when the public got caught up in a witch hunt. Identify the worldviews and social expectations that support ed this witch hunt. Which critical-thinking skills would make you less likely to go on with a witch hunt? Discuss what actions you could take to develop or strengthen these skills.5.Polls before options can influence how people balloting by swaying undecided voters to vote for the candidate who is in the lead. Analyze whether election polls should be forbidden prior to the election itself.6.The democratic surgery depends on social consensus. Given peoples tendency to conform to social expectations and what others think, is body politic the best form of government? If so, what policies might be put in place to lessen the effect of social biases? Be specific.7.Think of a time when you failed to speak out against an injustice or failed to come to someones aid simply because you were in a large group and felt it wasnt your responsibility. Discuss ways in which improving your critical-thinking skills may make you less nonimmune to the diffusion of social responsibility error.8.Comp uters (AI) programmed with an inductive logic program can, after sufficient experience working with the ups and downs of the financial market, predict the market with greater accuracy than most experienced financial planners. Given that these computers are not as prone to cognitive errors as are humans, critically evaluate whether we should rely more on AI to make decisions about much(prenominal) issues as college admissions, medical diagnoses, matchmaking, and piloting an airplane.1.What are some of the sources of knowledge?-Sources of knowledge include both reason and experience. Experience encompasses direct and indirect experience, skilled testimony, and research resources such as printed material and the Internet.2.In what ways might experience be misleading?-Experience can be perverse through false memories, confirmation bias, and reliance on hearsay and anecdotical evidence, as well as perceptual, cognitive, and social errors in our thinking.3.What are some of the types of cognitive and social errors in our thinking?-Cognitive and social errors are in part the way our brain interprets the world. They include misperception of random data, memorable-events errors, luck errors, self-serving biases, self-fulfilling prophecies, one of us/one of them error, social expectations, group pressure and conformity, and diffusion of responsibility.http//textflow.mcgraw-hill.com/figures/007742168X/bos38200_sa0423.jpgWhy is it so many people obey when they thumb coerced? Social psychologist Stanley Milgram researched the effect of authority on esteem. He concluded people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperativeeven when acting against their own better judgment and desires. Milgrams incorrupt yet controversial experiment illustrates peoples reluctance to confront those who abuse power. It is my flavor that Milgrams book should be required reading (see References below) for anyone in supervisory or management positions.Milgram recruited sub jects for his experiments from various walks in life. Respondents were told the experiment would study the effects of penalty on learning ability. They were offered a token cash award for participating. Although respondents thought they had an equal chance of playing the role of a student or of a teacher, the process was rigged so all respondents ended up playing the teacher. The student was an actor working as a age bracket of the experimenter.Teachers were asked to administer increasingly severe electric shocks to the learner when questions were answered incorrectly. In reality, the just now electric shocks delivered in the experiment were single 45-volt shock samples given to each teacher. This was done to give teachers a feeling for the jolts they thought they would be discharging. cuff levels were labeled from 15 to 450 volts. Besides the numerical scale, verbal anchors added to the frightful display of the instrument. Beginning from the lower end, jolt levels were labeled slight shock, moderate shock, strong shock, very strong shock, intense shock, and extreme intensity shock. The next two anchors were Danger Severe Shock, and, past that, a simple but low-spirited XXX.In response to the supposed jolts, the learner (actor) would begin to grunt at 75 volts complain at 120 volts ask to be released at 150 volts plead with increasing vigor, next and let out agonized screams at 285 volts. Eventually, in desperation, the learner was to yell loudly and complain of essence pain.At some smear the actor would refuse to answer any more questions. Finally, at 330 volts the actor would be totally silent-that is, if any of the teacher participants got so far without rebelling first.Teachers were instructed to treat silence as an incorrect answer and apply the next shock level to the student.If at any point the innocent teacher hesitated to inflict the shocks, the experimenter would pressure him to proceed. Such demands would take the form of increasingly severe statements, such as The experiment requires that you continue.What do you think was the average voltage given by teachers before they refused to administer further shocks? What percentage of teachers, if any, do you think went up to the maximum voltage of 450?Results from the experiment. most teachers refused to continue with the shocks early on, despite urging from the experimenter. This is the type of response Milgram judge as the norm. still Milgram was shocked to find those who questioned authority were in the minority. 65 percent (65%) of the teachers were willing to progress to the maximum voltage level.Participants demonstrated a range of negative emotions about continuing. approximately pleaded with the learner, asking the actor to answer questions carefully. Others started to laugh nervously and act strangely in diverse ways. Some subjects appeared cold, hopeless, somber, or arrogant. Some thought they had killed the learner. Nevertheless, participants continued to obe y, discharging the full shock to learners. One man who wanted to abandon the experiment was told the experiment must continue. kind of of challenging the decision of the experimenter, he proceeded, repeating to himself, Its got to go on, its got to go on.Milgrams experiment included a number of variations. In one, the learner was not only visible but teachers were asked to force the learners hand to the shock plate so they could deliver the punishment. Less obedience was extracted from subjects in this case. In another variation, teachers were instructed to apply whatever voltage they desired to incorrect answers. Teachers averaged 83 volts, and only 2.5 percent of participants used the full 450 volts available. This shows most participants were good, average people, not evil individuals. They obeyed only under coercion.In general, more submission was elicited from teachers when (1) the authority figure was in close proximity (2) teachers felt they could pass on responsibility to o thers and (3) experiments took place under the auspices of a respected organization.Participants were debriefed after the experiment and showed much relief at finding they had not harmed the student. One cried from emotion when he saw the student alive, and explained that he thought he had killed him. But what was different about those who obeyed and those who rebelled? Milgram divided participants into three categoriesObeyed but justified themselves. Some obedient participants gave up responsibility for their actions, blaming the experimenter. If anything had happened to the learner, they reasoned, it would have been the experimenters fault. Others had transferred the blame to the learner He was so stupid and stubborn he deserved to be shocked.Obeyed but blamed themselves. Others felt badly about what they had done and were quite caustic on themselves. Members of this group would, perhaps, be more likely to challenge authority if confronted with a similar situation in the future.R ebelled. Finally, rebellious subjects questioned the authority of the experimenter and argued there was a greater ethical imperative calling for the protection of the learner over the needs of the experimenter. Some of these individuals felt they were accountable to a higher authority.Why were those who challenged authority in the minority? So entrenched is obedience it may void personal codes of conduct.

Cultural Literacy According To E.d. Hirsch :: Education Literacy Educational Essays

According to E.D. Hirsch, to be culturally literate is to receive the basic data to thrive in the modern world. It is the grasp on the backgroundinformation that writers and speakers assume their audience already has. Inhis al-Quran, ethnical Literacy What Every American Needs to Know, Hirsch setsforth 5,000 essential words and phrases of which from each one person should be experienceable. The dip ranges from idioms to mythology, from science to fairytales. Why has this list prompted a notable debate on our countrys educationalstandards? E.D. Hirsch believes that the literacy of American plenty has beenrapidly declining. The long range remedy for restoring and improving Americanliteracy moldiness be to institute a policy of imparting super acidality information in ourschools. In short, according to Hirsch - the answer to our problem lies withinthe list.Hirschs book explains the importance of the engage of a higher level of nationalliteracy. His chief(prenominal) argument is that cultural literacy is required for effectivecommunication and the cooperation of many people... communion is whatHirsch sees is essential for success in todays society. Communication is thekey to equality in America. With increased cultural literacy, an egalitariansociety is eventually possible. One common body of knowledge for everyone willbe the glue that holds society together.Hirsch likewise points out the senselessness of concepts such as multi-culturalismand multi-lingualism. He acknowledges the importance of the legion(predicate) culturesand ethnicities of which United States is comprised. Hirsch mentions thehyphenated American the Italo-American, the Polish-American, the Afro-American, the Asian-American and so forth. He points out that he is in favorof each minoritys protection, nurture, and respect however, he strongly feelsthat people need to decide what American means on the other emplacement of thehyphen...what national value and traditions really belong to nat ional culturalliteracy. American cultural literacy should be based on our traditions --morality of tolerance and benevolence, the Golden Rule, communal cooperation, selflessness and freedom. It is in this way that Hirsch argues those in oppositionof cultural literacy. Many opponents chief Hirschs view by questioning whowould decide this common body of knowledge for everyone. People debate what isincludedin the list on the basis of multiculturism. They ask, is theknowledge evenly important to every citizen of the United States no matter whatrace, gender or religion? Hirsch responds by putting the emphasis on the otherside of the hyphen - the American side.When reading Hirschs book, I strongly agreed with his commodious picture of culturalliteracy and agree that it is important to establish a common body of knowledge

Major Challenges to Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Essay

What atomic number 18 the major challenges to Piagets surmisal of cognitive in orderion and what aspects still stool value?To answer this question, Piagets surmise of ontogenesis should be explained along with Vygotskys possibility and the connectionist theory of suppuration, and then each should be compargond with the some others. Once this has been achieved the main similarities and differences result be summarized, and finally the areas of Piagets theory that make up not been undermined by other theories will be reiterated.In Piagets opinion, science is not how we would class it today, he believed that intelligence covered all psychical thought. He did believe yet that the organisement of intelligence was an evolutionary issuing not something that could be make on after birth, only used. Piaget believed that the boor was responsible for its own development and therefore teaching could be seen as defunct.In Piagets development theory there is four demos the Stage s of Development. These shows are a progressive format which baberen follow by means of childhood to bring to pass a complex mature abstract thinking process. While the children stir up from one stage to the coterminous the improvements they show are seen as indications they are not the progressing itself more so that it is evidence that it is happening. The sensor motor stage is the first of the four stages and usually refers to children from birth to eighteen months old. In this stage the child recognizes the world through its physical actions, the child will write down to internalize this information. Once the child starts making representations for the information, it will start to develop thought and talking to, these accomplishments are seen as the move to the next stage. The preopera... .... (1992) Connectionism and developmental theory, British journal od developmental psychology, 10, pp.209-54. Cited in lee V. and Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs cognitive a nd language development, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, OxfordThorndyke, E.L. (1911) sensual intelligence New York MacMillan. Cited in Roth, I. (2000) intro to psychology vol 1, Psychology Press, vitamin E sussexVygotsky, L.S. (1962) Thought and Language, Cambridge (Mass.), MIT Press. Cited in Lee V. and Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language development, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, OxfordVygotsky, L.S. (1988) The genesis of higher mental functions in Richardson, K. and Sheldon, S. (Eds.) Cognitive Development in Adolescence, Hove, Erlbaum. Cited in Lee V. and Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language development, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford Major Challenges to Piagets theory of Cognitive Development EssayWhat are the major challenges to Piagets theory of cognitive development and what aspects still have value?To answer this question, Piagets theory of development should be explained along with Vygotskys theory and the connectionist theor y of development, and then each should be compared with the others. Once this has been achieved the main similarities and differences will be summarized, and finally the areas of Piagets theory that have not been undermined by other theories will be reiterated.In Piagets opinion, Intelligence is not how we would class it today, he believed that intelligence covered all mental thought. He did believe however that the development of intelligence was an evolutionary matter not something that could be built on after birth, only used. Piaget believed that the child was responsible for its own development and therefore teaching could be seen as defunct.In Piagets development theory there is four stages the Stages of Development. These stages are a progressive format which children follow through childhood to create a complex adult abstract thinking process. While the children move from one stage to the next the improvements they show are seen as indications they are not the progressi ng itself more so that it is evidence that it is happening. The sensor motor stage is the first of the four stages and normally refers to children from birth to eighteen months old. In this stage the child recognizes the world through its physical actions, the child will start to internalize this information. Once the child starts making representations for the information, it will start to develop thought and language, these accomplishments are seen as the move to the next stage. The preopera... .... (1992) Connectionism and developmental theory, British journal od developmental psychology, 10, pp.209-54. Cited in Lee V. and Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language development, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, OxfordThorndyke, E.L. (1911) Animal intelligence New York MacMillan. Cited in Roth, I. (2000) Introduction to psychology vol 1, Psychology Press, East sussexVygotsky, L.S. (1962) Thought and Language, Cambridge (Mass.), MIT Press. Cited in Lee V. and Gupta P.D. (20 01) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language development, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, OxfordVygotsky, L.S. (1988) The genesis of higher mental functions in Richardson, K. and Sheldon, S. (Eds.) Cognitive Development in Adolescence, Hove, Erlbaum. Cited in Lee V. and Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language development, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford

Merry King Essay -- Globalization, Competition, Software Development

In todays mercenary market environment, competition and globalization has increased dramatically. The excessive cost arising from incompetent processes and operation have been considered to be the major causes of losses to the organizations over the prehistoric several years. Several organizations, particularly larger companies, recognize the need to circumvent and manage against undesired lay on the lines. Software development is presently one of the or so common chance issues. Adler et.al., (1998) reveal that the bundle development fox includes risk events that can cause damage to improving processes. Moreover, it would be an error of judgment to overlook the significant risk areas of the construe as this will thwart decision quality and jolt massive product changes. Raz et.al., (2002) describe regorge risks as adverse events that can cause delays, surplus expenditure and dissatisfaction with the project outcome. Apart from this, each project varies in size, du ration, uncertainty, complexity, objectives, limitations and others. In an effort to prove the quality of procedure and minimize the risk profile, better execution and writ of execution will also reduce undesired performance. Adler et.al., (1998) note that there is a tendency to claim that Cleanroom approach would be more appropriate to ameliorate the overall trustworthiness and quality assurance issues. This essay will first-year describe how the effects of packet risks have a direct impact on day-to-day business activities. It will then define how software risk centering plays an important role in coping with the project risks. In the second section, it will introduce two software risk management models namely the Software Risk Evaluation model (SRE) and Cleanroom Softw... ...able for software engineers to monitor quality control that can be scientifically affirm in a formal statistical diagram. In a study, Raz et.al., (2002) signal out that there is a continuing re quirement for an adaptation from the diametrical risk management techniques to the different kind of projects and the improvement of the specific devices to justify risk from several different type of projects. In essence, it could be utter that many organizations increasingly recognize the importance of software risk management to ensure accessibility of the overall information of the project risks. What is more, Ward (2005) concludes that a company which constantly develops risk management tends to gain a belligerent advantage, and it appears probable that a well-defined software risk management commit can assist to increase the companys competitive advantages as well.

Turnitin Sucks :: plagiarism police

Turnitin SucksIts with a great deal of interest that Ive been following the most recent ruction in the blogoshpere about Turnitin.com and about whether or not higher ed is taking the proverbial low ground in the ethical battles by the increasing use of Turnitin. It is my opinion and always has been that there is something fundamentally hurt with the whole process of requiring students to turn in their work to the plagiarisation police.I think this graphic from the Honk Kong Polytechnic University is especially humorous. I didnt train their permission to show it on my site so I created my let sign at the Ronald McHummer site.About 2-3 years ago we had the conversation on campus about whether we should license (or is it subscribe to) the Turnitin service. Of course there were some people who were in favor of it, but the majority was put off by the same things that have always bothered me about the deal. The arguments at that cadence against using Turnitin appear to still be the main arguments. In no particular order, they includeI am currently taking a course that requires me to submit my papers to Turnitin. My objection to Turnitin is that they are not merely infringing my copyright, but that they are doing so for commercial profit. If they want to make funds from storing my paper in a database, they should pay me for a license. (EricSmith comment on Slashdot)Why are we violating authorial virtue to teach students that violating authorial integrity is wrong? (by Bob, first comment)can shift attention away from principle students how to avoid plagiarism in the first place. In Defining and Avoiding piracy The WPA Statement on Best Practices, the Council of Writing Program Administrators urges teachers to use plagiarism detection services cautiously, for they should never be used to justify the dodge of responsible teaching methods.I find it more than a check ironic, that this company works with WebCT and Blackboard, who argue that one should use Cour se Managment parcel to protect students privacy (alah FERPA) when turnitin.com fundamentally violates students rights. (Dave, Sept. 7, 1805)Its just like music composition. People with resembling music education backgrounds end up producing similar music. Thats just how it is. Are you seriously going to argue that the standard educational texts HAVENT been mined for every bloody original idea they contain a thousand times over? (read the whole comment by Cadallin)

Internet Censorship Essay -- Web Cyberspace Censor Essays Argumentativ

Internet CensorshipYou are at work and the phone rings. It is the inculcate principal from the high schooldays your daughter attends. He politely tells you that your daughter is being suspended from school and asks that you please come pick her up. After digging a runty deeper, you find out that she is being punished for posting to the internet, a curb report based writings of James Joyce. The reason for the suspension is non because the material was plagiarized, but because the content of the material was considered objectionable or indecorous according to new standards mandated by the government.The above story could comport good happened under the 1996 Communication Decency Act (CDA), whose objective was, according to class notes, to nurse children from pornographical material but contained vague and ambiguous language. I am altogether for protecting children from harm, for regulating what they see and do and to maximize their learning. However, censoring the activene ss of chidren is the role of a parent and not a function of the government. The bell of protecting our children should not be at the cost of our constitutional rights and freedom of speech.The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution clearly states that Congress shall make no right respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Censorship by the government under the CDA, would do more harm than good because, according to Spectacle.org, The CDA criminalizes indecent speech on the Internet. One fragment of the CDA defines indecency as speech depicting or describing se... ...we can place as well. New technologies are always being developed and we, as a society, need to be able to handle it responsibly. We need to protect our constitutional rights, all of them. Too many countries arou nd the world have oppressive governments, where people are thrown in jail for mouth out against government policies.Works CitedWallace, J. and M. Mangan, The Internet Censorship FAQ, http//www.spectacle.org/freespch/faq.htmlAttias, Prof. B., Class notes, November 10, 2003, COMS 454electronic Frontier Foundation, About EFF General Information about the electronic Frontier Foundation, http//www.eff.org/aboutHochheiser, Harry, Cyber-Liberties Censorship In a Box, Ver. 1.1 12/25/97 http//archive.aclu.org/issues/cyber/box.htmlblockingWebsters II New Riverside University Dictionaryulnone , p. 242, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984