Current Purchasing Power Accounting Accounting Essay

stream purchasing mightiness accounting system Accounting EssayAccounting possible action is a trammel of basic assumptions, definitions, principles, and concepts surround the accounting rule. It includes the reporting of accounting and pecuniary learning to relevant or interested parties. on that point argon several move upes that be spendd in the development of accounting theory. The dickens important ones argon prescriptive theory approach and the positive theory approach.Normative theory approach is a theory that is non establish on observation. It is ground on how things in the accounting process should be authorise. This approach comprises of several(predicate) approaches to obtain a single exactly effective accounting approach (Khandelwal, Jain, 2008). This physical body of approach uses a formula to come up with an income base on value, not constitutes.On the other hand, positive or descriptive supposititious approach to accounting theory is a set of theories that is touch with what accountants existently do (Rosenfield, 2006). These theories rely on a process of inducive thinking, which involves reservation observations and drawing inferences from them. The briny purpose of making observations is to identify square similarities, identify the number of instances that the similarities are existently observed to deduce a certain degree of assurance necessary to set up a theory about entirely the similar instances (Ackert, Deaves, 2009).Each of these accounting theoretical approaches are applicable in all business today. However, it would be tall(prenominal) to apply them together at the same term, since each of them has diametrical objectives (Ackert, Deaves, 2009). It is because up to an accountant to decide what approach is most accurate or best conform to for what situation. This calls for the right judgment of accountants to be able to set out the right decision in every situation or argufy that a business e ntity is faced with.Normative Theory ApproachThere are several approaches c everywhereed in this approach. Each of these theories is best suitable for a different situation (Belkaoui, 2004). Below are these different theories and confused situations where each theory is best to be applied.Historical Cost AccountingThis theory is applied in cartridge clip when the personifys or prices for things are on the rise (Murphy, 2008). The Historical live accounting theory is ground on the assumption that money holds a constant purchasing authority. The main challenge with this theory is that it assumes that the pecuniary unit is fixed and constant over fourth dimension.This theory is however found on three components. One is that in that location are specific take aims in price levels, which whitethorn be characterized by technological factors and salmagundis of consumer demands. Another component is that there is usually a universal change in price levels, which is what is kn t ake as inflation (Murphy, 2008). The threesome component is fluctuation in the exchange rates for different currencies. receivable to these three components, the book value of a business should show the received value of additions when preparing financial reports (Murphy, 2008).As stated earlier, historic price accounting is used when a federation is experiencing rising prices. Prices are expected to tin every now and then, and this may render the approach useless in most of these situations. Companies that make use of this approach are safe from overstating loot especially in times when prices are on the rise (Whittington, 2007). dissemination of cabbage in such situations can make believe the purchasing power of a community.This kind of approach may not be operable to use since it affects the operational results of the contemporary year as it includes gains asserted in previous periods of the comp any(prenominal)s existence. More to that, capital maintenance depends on maintaining an intact financial capital and purchasing power (Murphy, 2008). Using actual current values as they are bafflely in the merchandise may give a certain measure of mesh which should be well distributed to maintain a material operating(a) capital.Current Purchasing Power AccountingThis theoretical approach is best suited in situations where accountants subscribe to to maintain capital and the purchasing power of a company. The Current purchasing power accounting theory was developed on the stem that if a company distributes its profits as is required by historical accounting, then the real value of a company has to be reduced (Murphy, 2008). This means that the company would have to distribute a certain criterion of its capital.This approach applies indices and is hence easy and cheaper to apply when in such a situation (Rosenfield, 2006). This is because any adjustment that needs to be done is done at the end of a period, and on records made from historical cos t accounting.Under this approach, non-monetary summations are termed as assets that monetary value may change overtime due to inflation. Such assets include the machinery in a factory. On the other hand, net-monetary assets are defined as monetary assets minus the monetary liabilities.With this theoretical approach, changes in the purchasing power of a company are not attributed to the non-monetary assets. The loss of purchasing power comes about as a result of holding net-monetary assets (Murphy, 2008). In general circumstances of price level accounting, non-monetary assets are listed to the current purchasing power and as and then, no profits or losses are recognized. This theoretical approach is not accepted when making decisions for the company.Current Cost AccountingThis approach is best suited when trying to maintain the purchasing power of a company during times if inflation, or fluctuation of exchange rates of currencies, because it is based on actual valuations. This th eoretical approach cuts a clear line between profits that are made after sales, and the gains that come with holding an asset, be it a net-monetary asset or a non-monetary asset (Murphy, 2008).Scholars have argued that a physical or real approach to maintaining capital yields the best results in any business entity, especially in terms of income. This approach values as asset on the basis of electrical switch cost (Murphy, 2008). Operating income of the asset is determine as completed revenue, minus the replacement costs of that picky asset.This approach of calculating replacement costs is best for calculating operating profit. This makes it possible to maintain the operation capacity of the business at a constant level. The current cost operating profits before captivating gains and losses, and the realized gains of holding an asset are both counted as revenues, and hence the sum of the two equates to historical cost profit (Rosenfield, 2006).Gains of holding an asset are dif ferent from gains after making sales (Porwal, 2001). This is because are the two are dependent on differing factors in the market, most of which are beyond the control of the steering in a business. There is an uncertainty surrounding the prevalence of replacement costs though.Current cost accounting is founded on two business concepts current operating profit and doable cost savings. Current operating profit is defined as the excess of the yield value of the output sold, over the cost of related inputs. Realizable cost savings, also termed as the holding gains or losses, are the increase of the present cost of assets that the company is holding in a given period. attribute gains or losses of an asset can be realized or unrealized. For example, the holding gain of an excess in revaluation in unrealized, but is still considered as part of the business profit in the income pedagogy (Whittington, 2007).In the event that there are two companies that were started at different times, the company that was started earlier will have a larger operating profit. This is because it has less depreciation costs. Any one would think that this company has a more efficient system of running its operations in the current years than other companies that were started later. The actual case is that the management made a wise decision when starting the company. The fact that they bought their assets back in time is a contributing factor. This is a good illustration of the concept of realizable cost savings.Exit Price AccountingThis approach argues that assets should be valued as per their exit or market prices, non-marketable reproducible assets at replacement costs, and seasonal no marketable, non-reproducible assets be valued at the original cost (Rosenfield, 2006). The theory also argues that financial statements should be structured in a flair to show how much a company is able to fit to different situations and environments, and that income should be inclusive of all prof its and losses, those that have been realized and those that have not been unrealized.This approach is suitable especially when the management has to make decisions about the future of a company. The fact that it gives a straight on focus on the adaptability of a company, makes it stand out of other theories (Whittington, 2007). The adaptability of a business entity is based on how liquid or sellable its assets are. This kind of approach would come in handy at a time when a company is considering to sell some of its assets to counteract inflations in the market. affirmative Theories ApproachAs defined earlier, positive theories are used to let off and predict a phenomenon after making observations (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). Positive theories are based on the assumption that if one makes a series of observations on a behavior, they are able to develop a certain patter which they use to make conclusions and predictions. Examples of positive theories include the stakeholder theory and t he legitimacy theory (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). swab is mainly involved with relationships between people or entities that raise resources to a business ecesis (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). For instance, the relationship between the management of an organization and its owners. The main elements of most of the relationships according to this theory involve the delegation of decision making from one party (possibly the owners or management who act as the principle) and the promoter (second party). If the principle makes wrong decisions, then the two parties are in all likelihood to stomach losses, and increased costs due to in dexterity. Such expenses are known as agency costs.The Positive Accounting theory seeks to govern a way to reduce agency costs by use of contractual arrangements. It is thus based on the assumption that stakeholders will act in prefer of their own interests, and will therefore grab any opportunity available to increase their wealth (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). Wit h this assumption, morality and loyalty are definitely not characteristics of this theory (Ketz, 2006).The positive accounting theory states an organization is usually a collection of people who have individual self-interests, but are unbidden to cooperate to achieve collective goals, while at the same time, working on their personal goals (Alexander, Brittan, Joseen, 2007). One prediction of the PAT is that organizations will get along measures that organise the interests of the whole organization to self-interests. Most of these measures are based on the output of the accounting system, where the stakeholders get to share the excesses of the organization. Such mechanisms need to be backed up by financial statements.According to PAT, managers should commit themselves to preparing the financial statements (Freedman, Jaggi, 2010). This is an expensive activity and the costs incurred are known as adhere costs. Bonding costs can therefore be defines as costs incurred to relevant authorities or agents when establishing means to communicate to the principals, so that they may act in a way that will not affect goals of the organization or the individuals involved.Being part of the stakeholders, the management officials too, have their own self-interests. establish on this assumption, PAT states that the financial statements that are prepared by the management should be audited (Alexander, Brittan, Joseen, 2007). This would help avoid possibilities of the agents to act or keep in line figures in the financial statements to suit their interests. On this note, PAT assumes that not all opportunistic actions can be controlled by contractual arrangements such as the auditing do work, therefore, there will always be residual costs. Costs incurred during the auditing exercise are known as monitoring costs.Decisions or investigations that are based on the Positive accounting theory sham an efficiency sentiment or an opportunistic perspective. The efficiency persp ective seeks to materialise mechanisms that can be executed so as to reduce agency costs (Freedman, Jaggi, 2010). A good example of this is that when companies produce financial statements that have been audited, they reduce real costs since there are no hidden figures that are not well accounted for. The audited financial statement therefore serves as an efficient perspective, and thus the organization can be termed as efficient (Deegan, Samkin, 2011).Still from the efficiency perspective, accounting practices of an organization should reflect the underlying financial performance of the organization. Organizations adopt different accounting orders, which can be explained by unlike organizational characteristics. A good example of this is goodwill. If a company is able to provide reliable information about its performance, potential investors will not need to go out looking for more information from other sources. This saves time and reduces costs (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, 2 011).A company will pick an accounting regularity that will best show its underlying performance. This means that placing certain limitations or regulations on how companies prepare their financial statements can lead to a company incurring more costs than necessary, and probably not achieve their goal. Based on this, this theory recommends that companies should be allowed to prepare their financial statements in a way that best suits their operations, and that will show their underlying performances well (Deegan, Samkin, 2011).As for the opportunistic perspective, PAT seeks to explain and predict opportunistic behavior promising to happen after getting into a contractual agreement. For example, when trying to lessen agency costs, the management of a given organization can carry off a contractual arrangement to increase their bonuses on profits made. This would align the interests of the managers with those of the owners of the business entity. With the agreement in place, the management can then find other mechanisms to ensure that more profits are generated (Freedman, Jaggi, 2010). The more profits are made, the better the bonus that both the management and the owners will enjoy. These mechanisms that the management adopts may not be reflected on the set up of the organization or its assets.The opportunistic perspective assumes that owners of an organization predict that managers will at some point act opportunistic (Deegan, Samkin, 2011). The principles are therefore likely to set what accounting methods should be used. For instance, a bonus plan agreement may have a stipulation that a depreciation method be used to calculate income inform of bonuses. The management may find it a bit costly to stick to the stipulated plan, and may seek an ersatz method. Following such a possibility, PAT states that agents will always have an upper hand in deciding what accounting method to use. culminationThe above theories are applicable in different situations. Ac cording to the abbreviation put above, the two theories address different issues, and thus, it would yield contradicting results to combine them. For instance, normative theories are best applied when a company is faced with various externalities like fluctuations of currencies and inflation of prices. These affect the purchasing power of a company and thus, the theories come in handy to help the management to make decisions on how to survive such challenges.As for the positive theories to accounting theory, these come in handy when dealing with issues that affect the relationship between the major stakeholders of any business the owners and the management. The two parties may have contradicting interests, and the positive theories come in handy best in such situations.