Essays --

end-to-end John Fitzgerald Kennedys life, he left behind not solely a househ overaged name but also an American legacy. some(prenominal) his name and face are recognized all across the joined States as a legendary icon who touched e very warmheartedness and every mind in America. From the twenty-four hour period JFK was born, May 29, 1917, to the tragic day of his assassination on November 22, 1963, he completely inspired and earned encompassing trust from the citizens of America. John F. Kennedy (also known as Jack) did not render the average childhood. He grew up in a very wealthy, very political Catholic family. His parents had high hopes for all nine of their children. but actually aspired for Johns older brother to become president. However, after the premature and tragic death of his older Navy brother, he took his parents dreams for him upon himself. His political charge began when he ran for Congress in Massachusetts in 1946. Not wide after serving as the senator at 36 years old he was married to Jacqueline Bouvier. John became extremely popular not alone because of his age, but he was also a popularly published author. His wor...

Decolonization and Influence of the Cold War Essay

The decades adjacent World cont supplant II were all centered on the concept of decolonization, the dismantlement of purple empires established prior to World contend I end-to-end Africa and Asia. collect to the aftermath of World struggle II, countries around the earth experienced considerable self-sustaining movements whose objective was to eliminate colonization and form new independent nations. The process of decolonization was separated by three different approaches accomplished struggle, negotiated independence through foreign pressure, and dotty incomplete decolonization. China, for example, had its internal struggles with flag-waving(a) and commie parties appointmenting that caused a civil war between the both ideologies. Countries including India and southerly Africa attempted decolonization through non-violent independence movements as swell up as peaceful negotiations for independence.Though some countries independently sought for decolonization, it was infallible that decolonization became intertwined with the politics and interventions of the low temperature War. After World War II, the world was divided into two blocs, nonpareil dominated by the fall in States and one by the Soviet coupling. Because the linked States and the Soviet alliance couldnt represent with one another directly in Europe, the two nations were strongly tempted to wreak the process of decolonization through proxy nations in all move of the world. Ultimately, the conflict between unify States and Soviet Union disputed everywhere decolonization of nations throughout the world including Korea, Cuba, and Indo-China (Vietnam).Though the frigidity War did not imply a great loss of life or veritable bloodshed, it is best described as a severe ideological conflict revolving around territorial expansion struggles. Capitalism, which governed the linked States economy and democracy, was the center of the United States government. On the opposite end, the Soviet Union adopted Communism, a preponderating economic system that demanded extensive government control. The Cold War conflicts took result as an indirect competition a race to see which ideology would, in a sense, dominate the world. The East, represented by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact consort, advocated the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of Communism throughout the world. Opposing them were the United States and its wedlock American Treaty makeup (NATO) allies that attempted to contain communist expansion efforts, defending its actions through the Truman article of faith and the Domino Theory.The Domino theory stated that if one nation fell to Communism, the neighboring nations would be affected and falls to Communism, eventually resulting in the fateful spread of Communism throughout the world. One of the first nations that the United States and Soviet Union sought to establish control was in Korea. After 1949, when Chinese communist lea der Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China, the spread of communism began to target the country of Korea. Following the end of World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel into Soviet North Korean and American South Korea occupation zones. Heavily fortify with artillery and tanks, North Korean troops crossed and invaded South Korea on June 25th, 1950. Abiding to the containment of the Domino theory, United States immediately responded to the unprovoked attack.Under the leadership of the supreme commander of the United Nations coalition forces, General Douglas MacArthur, the South Korean forces managed to push back the Communist forces back behind the 38th parallel. The eon of the Korean War lasted three years and an armistice agreement was sign on July 27th, 1953. The Korean War was an extremely costly war, both in causalities and in financial areas. Though the United States did halt the advancement of Communist takeover, the decoloni zation conflict in Korea was one of the most flagrant confrontations of the Cold War that intensified the brutal effect of opposing ideologies.Another Cold War disaster occurred not far from the United States soil. Up until the mid-20th century, Latin America had always kept good political relations with the United States. However, internal turmoil in Cuba and the rise of Fidel Castro resulted in the unorthodox adhesion with the Soviet Union. In an attempt to terminate the Soviet Union act upon in Cuba, President John F. Kennedy sent a team of 1,500 CIA-trained Cuban exiles but was quickly defeated by Castros army. The Bay of Pigs incident was not the only confrontation between Cuba and United States the Cuban projectile Crisis in October 22, 1962was the peak of nuclear arms war of the Cold War era. Prior to a CIA spy plane discovering missile sites on Cuba, the Soviet Union was secretly supplying building material and missiles to Cuban armed services bases.With the options o f a full scale invasion of Cuba, a massive dividing line strike, or a naval blockade, the Kennedy administration had to quickly decide on what course of action to take. Eight days passed and the catastrophe was averted when President Kennedy instituted a naval blockade to prevent Soviet ships to reach Cuba. President Kennedy and Soviet Unions Nikita Khrushchev reached in agreement as the Soviet Union removed their missiles from Cuba and the United States concord not to attack Cuba. The conflict in Cuba not only characterizes the alarming intensity of the Soviet Union and the United States but also solidifies the importance of the influence the countries had in the matters of decolonization.One of the concluding and longest conflicts of decolonization was in Vietnam. The struggle for Vietnam between Communists and Western nations lasted from 1945 to 1975. In the previous century, Vietnam had been colonized by France. With encouragement and fight from Stalin and Mao Zedong, Vietna mese Communists successfully rose against the French. At the start of what was known as the foremost Indochina War, the French government asked the United States for support against the Vietnamese Communists but the United States government did not initially grant support to the French to forfend heightened discrepancies with the Soviet Union. The Geneva Conference peace scathe between France and delegates from Vietnam agreed to a partition, separating Vietnam at the 17th parallel ( practically like the boundary parameters circumstances in Korea). Believing that the Geneva treaty granted too much authority to the Vietnamese Communists, the United States supported the creation of a counter-communist resource south of the 17th parallel. The establishment of the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) brought about a United States supported government in South Vietnam.In an attempt to reunify Vietnam under Communist rule, the Communists created a interrelated front to help mo bilize southerners in opposition of Ngo peal Diem, leader of South Vietnamese government. It was known as the National lighting Front but became known by the Americans as the Viet Cong. The Viet Cong operated as a guerilla force and eventually overthrew Diems government and had him assassinated. In effort to regain Saigon, capital of Vietnam, and halt the complete takeover of Communism in Vietnam, President Lyndon Johnson escalated war efforts by utilizing more manpower and firepower. Despite the  punishing losses on the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces, the war was tiring on both sides and was dragging out. President Nixon managed to end hostilities between the United States and North Vietnam with the Paris Peace Agreement in January 23rd 1975. Although the peace terms were final, the South Vietnamese government continued to battle the Communist forces. With the support of Soviet Union, the Communist forces managed to take Saigon in April 30th 1975. The effects of the Vi etnam War were devastating on both parties. The end of the Vietnam War realized the consequences of a confrontation between the East and the West. The Soviet Union managed to exert their Communist influence in the end but the end result of the war manages to signal the end of Cold War influences on decolonization.The era following the end result of World War II ushered in a time of decolonization throughout the world. Through peaceful negotiations or violent civil wars, independent nations became to form by breaking away from their individual Imperialist countries. However, at the same time, the decades also promoted the conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States. The conflicting ideologies of Capitalism and Communism served as a major role in the Cold War. With disputes over countries such as Korea, Cuba, and Vietnam, it became apparent that the politics of the Cold War contributed to the decolonization process crossways the globe.

Summary of the Omnivore’s Dilemma

HumanEthologyBulletin,October2007 The Omnivores Dilemma A natural History of Four Meals ByMichaelPollan PenguinPress,NewYork,NY. 2006,450pp. ISBN1? 59420? 082? 3Hdbk. ,$26. 95 Reviewed by William F. McKibbin and Todd K. Shackelford Florida Atlantic University, Dept. of Psychology, Davie, FL 33314 USA E-mail email&160protected edu, email&160protected edu TheOmnivoresDilemmaisthe latestbookbyMichaelPollan,bestknownforhispreviousbest? interchangework,TheBotanyofDesire. Here,Pollanhascraftedawell? writtenandenjoyable explorationof manhoodrelationshipwithfood.Thebookiswrittenforalayaudience,butis considerablebyall. Pollanbeginsbyfocusingonaseeminglysimpletonquestion,Whatshouldwehavefordinner? Theanswer,itseems,isnotsosimpleforomnivoreslikeus. Pollanguidesthe endorserby examiningthe collarmajortypesoffoodproductionanddividesthebookintothesethree areas Industrial(focusingonthemodernfoodindustrys credenceoncorn),Pastoral(focusingon organicfoodproduction,both good-lookingandsmallscale),an dPersonal(focusingonpersonally huntingandgathering peerlesssfood).Thefirst,Industrialsectionofthebookdemonstratesthatnearlyeverythingweconsumein Westernsociety,particularlyinAmerica,isinsomewayderivedfromcorn. The treat foodsthatseemastapleofmodernlivingarederived for the most part(ifnotwholly)fromcorn. Even foodssuchaseggs,chicken,fish,andbeefare essentiallyderivedfromcorncows,chickens, andfisharecoercedtoconsumeafoodthattothemis exceedinglyunnatural. Ifw

“On the spirit of obligations” and “Friendship” – how each text views friendship pointing out to the meeting points

We have before us twain texts whiz, on the spirit of obligations the other, intimacy. Both very different in terms of bodily structure, style and images, yet some(prenominal) are closely connect thematic anyy. The suppositions expressed in the text are ideas of companionship (as implied by the title of one of the texts) and human relations. It is interest to explore how each text views helpership pointing out to the meeting points.The texts are of extremely different style and structure simply because they each serve a very different purpose. The source is an endeavor written by William Hazlitt taken from on the spirit of obligations, the due south is a birdsong- companionship by Cole Porter. Only from this we can asses that the hear is written as continues prose and is meant to publicize some opinion. An essay usually exists to be informative, present a view and thus impart be serious, explanatory and detailed. This is very different from a song that is publicly rele ased that in place to be popular has to be catchy, short verses, short snappy ideas that will be remembered, rhymes and a wider sense of appeal.The use of language in two texts differs, with relation to their purpose and their notion of friendship. In the essay, the use of language is more(prenominal) sophisticated, delicate more complex, about as the friend or psyche Hazlitt is describing. The language also matches the nature of the friendship- more of the intellectual- practical benevolence is not is forte, meaning that it wasnt a friendship on the solar day to day basis, or that he will offer help and favors. It sees this idea as idle and vulgar. This stands in such contrast to the song, almost reservation a mockery out of it because the language and situations described in it is at times so vulgar if you are ever lost your teeth and you are out to dine, borrow mine. This is part of the songs purpose- to be humors, silly, fun. The song talks about a very different notion of friendship- one thats always there to help, almost to un-realistic measures when other friendships have been forgot, ours will exempt be hotThe tone and register are also influenced by the purpose of the text. The account of friendship in the essay is of someone describing a very specific, special person, who is very important to him. This, although he knows it is a friendship with out obligations, and that he should not look to his friend for help, we as readers fluent descend the notion that this friend is still very important to the writer and that he, by his own description, feels very secure and welcomed, at the presence of his friend. This is once again seen in the language, where the writer carefully chooses imagery and words to describe the person in question the husk, the shell of humanity is left at the door, and the spirit, mellow by time, resides within. In the song the register is different. It seems like the singer is addressing the friend directly, telling hi m that he will always be there. However, there is not one single line telling us about the friend in more detail, or both clue at any deeper emotions or more complex relationship. This is because of the nature of songs. Very smartly it allows us to apply it to anyone- because of the lack of specifics it can be affiliated with any per of people, and at the same time the direct form of address allows for the purport of personalization it can be used between two people.In both texts the imagery used is closely linked with the notion of friendship it is describing. The essay using his silver accents, beautiful, venerable as his silver hairs, but abundant, flows as a river creating gentle, delicate images. From the imagery we learn that the man described is in all probability older, and has and air of knowledge and advice to him. his hand is closed, but what if that? His eye is ever candid his eye is ever open suggests that he is very observant, knows a coarse deal and constantly a ware of the situation around him.The closed hand, however, is a powerful metaphor for the lack of obligation and physical help. This stands in such contrast to the song, where it seems that the friendship is based on constant physical being. any the imagery stands along the lines of if you need a hand when in hold out just call my name, everything is to do with actions not words. Further more, all imagery is vulgar, everyday colloquial language, funny unreal situations. Is this the reflection of the friendship? I believe it is merely because of the appeal it has to have to the public. Thus we get imagery like if they ever cook your goose, turn me loose.To conclude, I think the differences of the texts out-weigh the similarities, and that they are quite noticeable. I got the feeling that the essay is almost mocking the song and that in light of the essay it shows that the song has no real message or statement concerning friendship. It almost ridicules itself, the imagery and the rh ymes flattening the notion of friendship making it something so explicit, so out of touch with macrocosm and how friendships truly work, with all the subtleties. The song is there for the sake of entertainment alone. However, it interesting to see how in both texts the language, imagery and tone were so naturalized by the purpose.

Welcome to South Africa

Welcome 2 ZA, receive 2 massive poverty, obscene ine timberland & such dreadful outbreaks of disease, murder, rape, malnutrition, suicide, HIV Aids, homelessness & scale breaking numbers of orphans. Welcome 2 the harsh reality of raging racism & the still effulgence embers of sla truly the prison of poverty. Poverty defined is the deprivation of those things that determine the quality of life, including food, shelter, clothing & safe drinking water, still also intangibles such as the opportunity to learn & the respect of fellow citizens.Could you consider living day in, day out, without any of these? Many heap in ZA live without any of these things. Perhaps this is why they atomic number 18 only pass judgment to live to 50. Every 10 seconds someone dies of some unquestionable causal agent that in our fraternity we would find tot eithery unacceptable.Racism is another broker which is adding 2 the instability of ZA. By its simplest definition racism is the bel ief that racial differences produce a clear superiority over a peculiar(prenominal) race, religion, colour, ethnic origin or group. Certain sections of society maybe denied rights or benefits, or get special treatment.Before 1994 in apartheid ZA people were sort out according to the colour of their skin. The history of racism in ZA is appalling, for example in 1836 inadmissible human zoos were set up to parade the sear people which they labelled niggers and savages. They were forced to do things with no clothes on and crush to near death if they refused to do so.White skinned people position they were of more value than a turned skinned person. They honestly believed that dark skinned peoples only use was to slave for them. When a problem occurred it was the black persons fault. Personally I feel that this frame of mind is arrogant and stupid, but also ironic. How can you call someone coloured when black, brown and duster atomic number 18 all colours.The apartheid was a list of restricting rules imposed upon the blacks to segregate them from white people. When it was removed individuals who had previously supported apartheid publicly apologised, including F W de Klerk. He said I apologise in my capacity as loss leader to the millions who suffered wrenching disruption of forced removals who suffered the shame of being arrested for no indicate who over the decades suffered the indignities and humiliation of immense racial discrimination.As expected the geezerhood and years of anger at being constantly humiliated set off and fears that the change of power in ZA would be violent were confirmed. It was here that the phone call Beeko was released by Peter Gabriel which repeated when I try to sleep at night, I can only dream in red, the outside orb is black and white with only one colour dead.All of this has supposedly passed and now according to the image the govt portrays the country is fine. I know from clock out there that this wound has not compl etely healed. It still very some(prenominal) black and white in galore(postnominal) situations. There are black schools, white schools, black shops, white shops, and black houses are of scurvy quality whereas white houses are of normal, scour spectacular standards.I went into hovel towns where houses are made of iron, wood and rubbish. Sidney Smith said It is the greatest of all mistakes to do nothing because you can only do a short(p). Taking out food to kids who are the same age as my cousins and younger, who are orphaned, starving and sometimes HIV positive, even dying, changes your view on the existence. If they were born into our country they wouldnt have had these problems.We live in a society where people cannot see just how much they have, but also how much they take for granted. If Gov. like ours all over the developed country gentleman gave a little money to ZA the poverty wheel would could end and the fermentation would be left behinf. Money CANNOT sort out ever ything. Perhaps if wealthy, enduring and lawed coutries showed compassion to the younger generation of ZA who have not seen the horrors of their relatives past the world would change.This is the generation which will change Africa. KOFEEE ANNAN said things get better when plenty people decide they should. Things change when countries come together in a common purpose The time to act is NOW.There are many things that could b done 2 correct the injustice. There are things even you and me can do. To quote HILLELL If now is not the time to act, when will it b

English Reflective Statement

I participated in an synergistic oral discussion about(predicate) the invigorated by Nawal El Sadawi named The Woman at Point Zero. From the interactive oral, I was able develop a new view which I had never thought of. The idea was that the characters in the novel were two dimensional, so that the main character Firdaus is able to reassign, which she is not. The idea stemmed from what Ashleigh said about how Firdaus has the power of rejection using her physical body.So I said that it was a fancy for women and what Firdaus does have, is the power to change. I developed it into the concept of change for the better, i. e. the ability to change and move forward in society. For example if Firdaus looked at the situation where she was organism abused by her uncle and aunt, reviewed all the problems and then found a itinerary to make the next situation better, which would the be domestic violence original from her husband Sheikh Mahmood.All in all, in a society exchangeable Egypt in the 1970s, fear was the most dominant way to have power, moreover its not re travel the fear that allows the courage to change, its the knowledge of fear and moving forward anyway. Talking about fear, Brad brought up an interesting idea of Firdaus not being acrophobic of what normal people would be afraid of, but of something so delicate, eyes. He said something about how she was cautious and self-importance conscious about being looked down upon and being watched over. Which made me solicit the question, why she didnt have the courage to change her fate, up until the jiffy she killed her pimp.

Experiential Leadership Project Progress Report Essay

This paper is an experiential leaders project whose subject is, Sandra Ussery, my rate supervisor at exercise. Sandras title is set Systems Supervisor, under FedEx field of study LTL. At present she oversees nine direct employees. Sandras boss is Diane Lia, the obtain Systems Manager for FedEx interior(a) LTL. Diane has two direct employees and nine indirect employees. The principal(prenominal) reason I acquit chosen to decoct on on Sandra is beca intention she is in a newly created position. Good supervisors atomic number 18 quite a dinky who, even when they mustiness correct some unmatched, flush toilet step on your toes without messing up your shine.They give bulk a shot in the arm without letting them feel the needle. heap seem to need encouragement al nigh when they sense that they crap actu all(prenominal)y failed. Perhaps they failed the boss, or the organization or just failed themselves. In whatsoever case, it is at that moment that the leader needs to show her characterhow she is adapted to help them a yearn with the healing process. My supervisor, Sandra Ussery, is that kind of a boss and legion(predicate) a(prenominal) more than. This paper aims to gather an evaluation of her from those people under her. It shall also add a copy of the questionnaire which I riding habitd in gauging the kind of leaders she implements with her staff.The process of evaluating an individuals performance contains elements of positive and negative reinforcement. How easy people perform is largely determined by whether their performance is evaluated or rewarded. Many organizations, especially smaller ones, do non thrust established evaluation programs because they afford survived without them in the past and they see no gain ground for them in the future. Yet, performance management is essential even among supervisors because they upgrade the aim of the human performance of organizations. They identify problem aras in the workplace wh en it comes to human resources.Although the situation does not appear to be in need of full attention right now, the implications will be felt later on by organization if they do not act consciously on the issue. thither are adjustments that include minimum and accessorial charges, including additional adjustments in select lanes and religious service areas. The FedEx warhead Segment accumulated annual revenues of $3. 6 billion in fiscal year 2006. This includes FedEx Freight, a leading U. S. supplier of regional next-day and second-day and interregional LTL freight services. The fellowship is known for its juicy performance and extraordinary service and reli major power.FedEx Freight extends its service to all U. S. ZIP codes. It is supported by its principle of no-fee- money-back guarantee on all eligible continental U. S. freight rates. It gives service to Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, Europe and Asia. property corporate office in Memphis, Tennessee, the FedEx Freight Segment also includes FedEx subject area LTL, a leading supplier of long-haul LTL services through with(predicate)out North America. Looking at this commentary, this paper brinytains that any organization needs to start where it should be rightly sothe individual.The FedEx National LTL, is a leading U. S. provider of long-haul LTL freight services. Federal demo purchased accredited employer, Watkins Motor Lines last June. Prior to this purchase, the pricing systems department, which was called the auto rate department under Watkins, had no supervisor. The supervisor position was created to have someone to evolve new employees as they were added to that department. Prior to four new(prenominal)s and myself moving to the department in the span of a year, at that place had been no new additions to that department for sevensome old age.After the acquisition, the supervisor wrinkle was created so that the manager of that department co uld focus on working with managers of other departments at our location and at other operating companies to integrate our systems together. FedEx National LTL, which is the operating company that I work for, specializes in providing low-cost transportation to our customers with slower turn around multiplication. Our supply freight company, FedEx Freight, specializes on one to two day backsliding times at a mettlesomeer cost. The main reason we were purchased was to add the long haul, low cost service to FedExs al pay off quick turnaround customers.FedEx National LTL operates in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Puerto Rico, notwithstanding we can transport a shipment through the various operating companies anywhere in the world. The main factors affecting the companies operation at this time is the integration of our system into theirs. Our department takes pricing that is negotiated with our customers and we input it into our automated rating system. This system is designe d to automatically apply pricing to freight bills so that no one has to manually rate them. This process is a huge cost saver to the company and is a elevatedly focused on at FedEx.Federal Express has a mandate to input all pricing into this system, this way they have to pay few people to rate the bills. The problem we are facing is to integrate our automated rating program with theirs. Also, their operating systems are divergent than ours, but based on the same platform, so all the managers of the IT, IS, and Pricing Application departments are focused on integrating these systems. There is a comprehensive network of nearly 330 service centers and advanced information systems, FedEx Freight provides service to virtually all U. S. ZIP codes, including Alaska and Hawaii.The carriers regional and interregional LTL service is supported by a no-fee money-back guarantee on all eligible continental U. S. shipments. It gives service to Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Central and South Ame rica, the Caribbean, Europe and Asia. Holding corporate office in Memphis, Tennessee, the FedEx Freight Segment also includes FedEx National LTL, a leading provider of long-haul LTL services throughout North America. In general, the company offers customers and businesses worldwide with services in transportation, e-commerce and business services.The annual revenue is a staggering $34 billion. It is known worldwide as having received and admired employers. It has more than 275,000 employees. Contractors employ positive safety with a high ethical and professional standard. As I said onwards, what I destiny to do with my project is collect feedback from my fellow coworkers, some of which have been there less than a year and others who have been there ten years or more. I have already discussed this project with my manager, supervisor, and coworkers and all of them have concur to provide information and feedback, as I need it.Since, most of the senior people have worked with Sandr a for at least five years, I will be able to get their impression of her and her lead abilities. Sandra did not train many of the seasoned people, so I will discuss with the four new people how utile they feel she was as a trainer. I also plan to evaluate her based on the leadership styles I learned in the course. I want to see if Sandra tends to focus on one style or varies in styles and approaches depending on the employee and the situation.She has agreed to let me observe her a few times a week during the course of this project so that I may see her leadership style at work. I believe the best way to determine a particular style is to observe her actions towards me and other members of the department. I have contacted Human Resources to see if I can get a joke Description for her position in order to see what is required from her and her assign tasks. While I am observing her I will use these criteria to see if she is confident in completing these tasks. I will use these c riteria to evaluate her leadership ability and her ability to meet the needs of the company.I plan to be as objective as I can with this report, especially since I have only been with the company for two years, and in this department for about seven months. I plan to use the leadership styles outlined in the book as a guide to go out her style or styles of leadership. I want to gather as a great deal data from coworkers and my manager on Sandra, since I have spent little time working with her. I want to see how the perceptions of those employees that have worked with her for a long time differ from those of us that are new.I believe that using the information outlined in our book, the job description qualifications and expectations, and the observations and information compile from coworkers and myself will help to determine if she is an effective leader. check to Dennie Carey, senior vice president, marketing, FedEx Freight, Whether operating fast cycle logistics or plan dist ribution, shippers have told us they require a high degree of plasteredty, shipment integrity and actionable information. The company meets customer needs by continuing to invest in their people, equipment, facilities and technologies.FedEx Freight has improved service in 3,000 lanes. augment to this is the safety features to its tractors and this ushered the easy access to its regional and long-haul service via the internet. It has also interpreted over the operations of Watkins Motor Lines in September, FedEx National LTL. It now focuses on the market with a highly engineered network. Sandra Ussery is a manager with faith in her staff. Part of any working day is given over to introduce and checking the progress that has been delegated throughout her staff.This is not about looking over the shoulders of her staff, but about monitoring the progress of the given program of the moment. Most people need reminders and her staff suffers her as the ultimate reminderer in the organiz ation. The people who most enjoy working with her are those who are self-starters, self-disciplined individuals who bring her the results of their projects before she ever has a chance to check on their progress. After a while, she learns whom she needs to remind and whom she can count on to follow through without reminders.She is able to encourage empowerment of all staff since she recognizes that this is very primary(prenominal) in making changes more effective. The more involved people are in the process of change, the more effective the change will be and the more lasting it will be for the company (Coyle and Kossek, 2000). Definitely, Ussery enhances her staffs ability to influence other subordinates in order to facilitate business equal decision making process within the organization. Those today under her like and who worked with her within a year or so like Jessica, Jane, David, Daniel, Jerri, Sheila find that she exercises authoritative leadership ith them.This may be so because she trained them directly and she knows that these people would understand her when she wants things done perfectly. Authoritative leadership is the most effective in terms of generating changes for the company. Authoritative leaders as she is, she is very calorie-free on what she wants to accomplish. She also has the ability to invoke to her staff the significance of their job in the accomplishment of the companys goals. This means therefore, that employees or the team up knows their roles in the grand goal of the company.Through the strategic positioning of a vision, an Ussery provides standard on which the results of the team can be evaluated. The other staff like Scot, Cathie, Penny, and Diane, who is also Sandras manager, find her diversifying her leadership style to assure that they are applied appropriately to certain situations. These people say that Sandra balances her trust and democracy in her leadership styles. They evaluate her as having the sensitivity and stimulated capacity to recognize what would be the most appropriate leadership scheme that is being called for by the situation.In many cases using just one strategy cannot generate effective results. One of the important components in leadership is also recognizing the potential of an assigned leader. Characteristics of the leader have been known to be very important in the achievement of goals. This is very important in the context of the FedEx where implementations of projects are assigned to specific leadership and utmost worth is needed. According to many psychological studies, which aim to recognize the character hindquarters some of the effective leaders in successful organizations, emotional perception is very important for many leaders (Goleman, 2000).This has been widely reviewed in many literatures. According to Goleman (2000) this emotional intelligence can be reflected on the ability of leaders to have the necessary social skills. This means that they must be able work well with their people under different set to ensure that there are no barriers to communication. This would help the problem to be resolved immediately and for improvements of the programs be initiated efficiently. They must also have high levels of motivation, which would allow them to do things through initiative and exceed the expected results.These are all seen in Sandra, as evaluated by her people and they especially find that she is really flexible as well to the call of the times and the moment. ultimately she knows her limitations and admit that she cannot possibly do everything without the able help of her staff likewise. Ms. Sandra Ussery is a good manager because she taught me through her example how to get the job done. I started taking notes and wondering what I would do if I were in charge. I looked and listened and collected a catalog of what people liked and disliked and collected a catalog of what people liked and disliked about management.She would freque ntly come up to me and say, Heres what we are going to do, and do us believe we could do it. From that moment on, I was ready. Are you ready? Youve got to take stock and honestly answer the question. It requires huge amounts of time and effort. not everyone is willing to make the commitment and the sacrifices. She often would say that she gets a high watching people succeed. Making peoples actions visible by advertisement and recognizing their work strengthens others. It opens doors to potential new relationships because people are more aware of one anothers contributions.Success is an attractive magnet for pulling people together and increasing their attachment to the project. Ms. Ussery points out that make stable political coalitions is often based on making certain that participants involvement is publicized. She notes that good press is an essential political currency. While publicizing other peoples actions heightens peoples sense of personalized power. It builds commitme nt because it makes it more difficult for people to dissociate themselves from the actions and activities that they were recognized for.There is also a rising literature today on leadership that emphasizes the need to inspire collaboration. This is the emerging mainstream form of leadership where power in the process of decision making is more decentralized. There is now a present emphasis on the ability of group collaboration to genuinely facilitate the achievement of the goals. Collaborative leadership is practiced by Sandra as an effective means of communication that could actually imbibe greater productiveness and greater creativity for the achievement of the goals of the department she is in.

Book Analysis: The Science of Muddling Through

A Summary of The Science of Muddling through and through By Charles E. Lindblom Public Administration Review, Vol. XIX, nary(prenominal) 2 (Spring, 1959), 79-88 I. Introduction This article discusses 2 varied strategies for comparing policies. The first strategy, Lindblom entitles ascendantle, or Rational-Comprehensive Lindblom refers to the second strategy as runner, or consecutive expressage Comparisons. After a brief explanation of the cardinal trunks, he goes on to argue the superiority of the divide system over the more unremarkably discussed ascendent system II. RootThe Root greet, or Rational-Comprehensive, is best utilized for more dim-witted problems, match to Lindblom, due to the necessitation of massive bright capacities and sources of information. He states that this start is generally non ready for insurance summary, as season and m championy ar restrictions in these scenarios. He as well states that exoteric agencies ar in effect instructed n on to practice the root rule acting, due to political or legal constraints Ironically, the bothday literature functions to preach formalization of this order. This charters to legion(predicate) an(prenominal) practitioners acting against the philosophy jointly published.Lindblom lists the characteristics of the Root approach as the chaseminiature of production accounts or objectives distinct from and usually prerequisite to empirical outline of preference policies.Policy-formulation is therefore approached through authority-end analysis First, the ends be isolated, then the means to achieve them be sought.The block out of a favorable insurance is that it net be sh witness to be the approximately(prenominal) enamor means to desired ends.Analysis is brink-to-door every important relevant work out is taken into account.Theory is often heavily relied upon.As this system is often discussed, Lindblom assumes it is familiar to the reader and shifts his focuss ing to explaining and elucidative the substitute. Most of the article revolves approximately the furcate approach, or back-to-back Limited Comparisons. III. process The Branch Approach, or Successive Limited Comparisons is the approach Lindblom claims most executive directors theatrical role for their approach to understanding analyzable problems. Lindblom assigns the following characteristics to the Branch approachSelection of value goals and empirical analysis of the inquireed march are not distinct from one an different but are almost intertwined. Since means and ends are not distinct, means-end analysis is often inappropriate or hold in.The judge of a good indemnity is typically that various analysts find themselves directly agreeing on a constitution (without their agreeing that it is the most appropriate means to an concord objective).Analysis is drastically holdImportant practicable outcomes are neglected.Important alternative potential policies are neglect ed.Important affected determine are neglected.A duration of comparisons greatly reduces or eliminates reliance on possible action.The Branch approach could be illustrated as continually mental synthesis out from the menses situation, slowly, by meek microscope stages, one step at a time. Lindblom then elaborates on the Branch approach throughout the remainder of the article. a. Intertwining Evaluation and a posteriori Analysis In this section, Lindblom explains how the Root rule breaks down its handling of objectives and set. He states that clarifying values prior to investigating alternative policies produces several problems. The first problem is that citizens, congressmen, and public administrators much disagree on many critical values.Second, even when an administrator opts to submit his own value set for guidance, he often will not sport sex how to rank conflicting criterion. A one-third problem arises concurrent to the previous two Social objectives do not cea selessly have the same relative values. These common problems often lead administrators to ask a question like the following assumption the degree to which we are or are not already achieving the values of good public relations, is it worth sacrificing a teeny speed for a happier clientele, or is it repair to risk offending the clientele so hat we roll in the hay get on with our work? The answer, of course, varies agree to the situation. The dampicular difficultness with values is the issue with attempting to state peripheral objectives in forms other than particular policies. This leaves administrators attempting to choose between policies that offer dissentent marginal combinations of values. Lindblom closes this argument with two summarizing points. First, for complex problems, the Root system is impossible and irrelevant, while the Branch method is possible and relevant.The Branch method is possible because the administrator does not withdraw to attempt to analyze any values except those where the alternative policies differ, and this differentiation is nevertheless notable marginally. This drastically reduces the need for ingathering information on values or objectives, which keeps the capacity for comparing values in spite of appearance reason. b. Relations Between Means and Ends Generally, and according to the Root method, decision-making is considered to be a means-ends relationship.The means are to be evaluated and selected depending upon the ends which is selected independently and onward choosing the means. But this is difficult unless the values have been agreed upon and are stable at the margin. This relationship between the means and the ends does not exist with the branch method, as both(prenominal) are chosen simultaneously. c. The Test of sincere Policy Under the Root method, a decision mountain be considered correct if it can be shown to attain close to specified objective. This objective must be defined beyond just describ ing the echt decision.If administrators cannot agree on the objectives, the Root method offers no tryout For the Branch method, the test is accordance on the actual form _or_ system of government, which whitethorn be possible even when agreement on values has proven impossible. diametrical ideologies can agree on different policies, even if the agreement is based on different reasoning. Lindblom states that agreement on form _or_ system of government thus becomes the lonesome(prenominal) practicable test of the politys correctness. The Branch method relies upon agreement whenever possible. d. Non-Comprehensive Analysis It is impossible to take every important aspect of a problem into onsideration unless the problem is very narrowly defined, therefore limiting analysis. Simplification of complex problems is imperative.Lindblom illustrates that under the Root method, simplification is achieved systematically through limitation of policy comparisons to those policies that dif fer in relatively small degree from policies rangely in effect. It is only needful to case the aspects in which the alternatives and their consequences differ from the current norm. This limitation reduces the alternatives under consideration and simplifies the probe of each of these alternatives.It only becomes necessary to study the respects in which the proposed alternative and its consequences differ from that norm. i. Relevance as Well as Realism In the west, policy analysts melt to limit their analysis to marginal differences in policies that are chosen to differ incrementally. Democracies tend to change policies incrementally. By simplifying the policy by limiting the focus to slight deviations, the most value is made of available information. Non-incremental policy proposals are therefore typically not only politically irrelevant, but also unpredictable. Another way to simplify analysis is by ignoring important potential consequences of the possible policies, and also i gnoring the values associated with those neglected consequences. take down if the exclusions are made at random, the policies whitethorn be formulated more intelligently than by attempting to achieve a mellowness which is too extensive. ii. Achieving a Degree of breadth The potential for losing important values is present in any make-up. The benefit of a hypothetical division of labor is that every important value has its own watchdog these watchdogs can guard their respective interests in two ways.First, they whitethorn redress indemnity done by other agencies. Second, they may anticipate and avoid injury to begin with it happens. In the United States, no part of government attempts comprehensive policy overviews on things such as income distribution, yet a policy evolves. This incremental policy-making normal fits with the multiple pressure pattern. When this particular flake of policy-making model is followed, it is easier for one host to anticipate the moves of anothe r group. It is also easier for these groups to recognise adjustments for injuries already accomplished.Administrative coordination occurs as each of these agencies adjusts its policies according to the concerns of the other agencies in a fragment form of decision-making. Branch method exclusions are deliberate and systematic, yet it does not ineluctably disregard long-run considerations. Sometimes the only way long-run objectives can be given enough attention is through neglecting the short-term considerations. e. Succession of Comparisons The last section concerns the comparisons. These comparisons proceed in a chronological order. When the policy maker uses a succession of incremental changes, serious lasting mistakes can be avoided.First, he learns from past sequences of policy steps, and gains knowledge of the probable consequences of similar steps. Second, he can avoid big jumps that may require predictions he does not have got the knowledge to adequately make. This is bec ause he never expects his policy to be the final resolution. Third, he is able to test his previous predictions as he slowly moves on to the exploit steps. Fourth, past errors can be stock-still relatively quickly. For policy-making purposes, the analyst need only know the consequences of each of the policy aspects as they differ from the others. iii. Theorists and PractitionersThe Branch system explains why administrators often feel that out of doors experts are not helpful and would sort of work off of gut reason than following the advice proposed by theorists. Lindblom gives two reasons why theory can have limited applicability in policy-making. First, it is greedy for facts and can be construed only through a great collection of observations. Second, it is generally insufficiently precise for application to a policy process that moves through small changes. only if in restricted areas is economic theory precise enough to become oddly helpful when resolving policy question s. v. Successive Comparison as a dust Lindblom concludes that the Branch system is indeed a legitimate system, despite its imperfections.He reminds the reader that the Branch method lacks a built-in shield for all relevant values, and it may lead the decision-maker to overlook potential policies barely because they are not suggested. One of the benefits of clarifying this method is the light it throws on the suspicion an administrator sometimes entertains that a consultant or adviser is not speaking relevantly and responsibly when in fact by all ordinary objective record he is. While much of organization theory argues the virtues of common values and agreed organizational objectives, for complex problems in which the root method is inapplicable, agencies will want among their own personnel two types of diversification administrators whose thinking is organized by reference to policy chains other than those familiar to most members of the organization and, even more commonly, ad ministrators whose master or personal values or interests create diversity of view so that, even without a single room, decision-making can be fragmented and parts of the agency can serve as watchdogs for other parts.IV. Conclusion Lindbloms argument essentially attempts to legitimize the decision-making processes that are already frequently in use. He points out a gap between the theory advocated by policy academics and the real-world problems faced by decision-makers. He explains how and why the current work-around is legitimate and exemplary of acceptance. The Branch method, as he calls it, simply needs to be recognized as having merit. By pointing this out and attempting to define the Branch method and its attributes, he is opening the door for academics to begin theorizing on this method, as well.

Animal Farm, Snowball Essay

He direct a revolution, became a scapegoat, and was exiled from his home lane. This person was Leon Trotsky, a Russian Marxist revolutionist. In the overbold Animal Farm, Trotsky came out by means of a pig named Snowb each(prenominal). Throughout the novel, Trotsky is brought up more(prenominal) and more through snowb solely. Leon Trotsky is represented through sweet sand verbena by the many career events they had in common. increase was chased off from the acquire and became an exile by Napoleons practised dogs. In Trotskys life, he as well as became an exile from his home.He sent past and banned from returning. In addition, Napoleon claimed that each(prenominal) the ideas that had come from Snowball were actually all his own creations. One of them all and closed his jaws on Snowballs tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. indeed he put on an free spurt slipped through a gob and was seen no more(68). This is a quotation mark from the scene where Snowbal l becomes banned from the farm. subsequently Snowball takes charge over the farm for some time, his comrade, Napoleon comes to despise him.Snowball and Napoleon n incessantly agree on anything. Napoleon did not want the animals to look with Snowball, he always argued against Snowballs ideas and was never accessible towards him. What also went on was Napoleon, showing his plague for Snowball, examined the layouts Snowball had made for the windmill and urinated over the plans. Napoleon showed his disgust by urinating on something that was important to Snowball. looked closely at any detail of the plans then short he Napoleon lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked away(65). seemingly the action that Napoleon just act shows hatred for Snowball. After Snowball was g hotshot(a) from the farm, he became a scapegoat for Napoleon. It was suddenly Snowballs fault that the windmill had collapsed. Napoleon requisite a reason for it to have fallen, and who remedy to blame than Snowball, that way the animals would want retaliate by building a stronger one exactly what Napoleon wanted. In addition, it was inform that Snowball had been sneaking onto the farm to luxate corn, break eggs and what not.Whatever inquisitive thing that occurred was automatically put on Snowball by Napoleon. Whenever anything went wrong it became prevalent to attribute it to Snowball(88). With hardly ever any proof, Snowball was always the scapegoat. In conclusion, it is obvious how Snowball went through the events of Leon Trotskys life. From having his ideas stolen to becoming a scapegoat, he led the life of a famous revolutionary leader, though it wasnt a truly good life, he made a big impact on all of his comrades and will never be forgotten.

Ano Ang Kahulugan Ng Impression?

Marvic S. Garcia 211 Caoibes St. Balayan, Batangas (63)9335615026 / (63)9217691390 email&clxprotected com ObjectiveTo continu in ally enhance my knowledge and skills that I possess by absorbing and adopting the techniques whichc enkindle be contributed by the other milieu to be able to contribute for the dampen of myself and field where I belong. Capabilities and Skills Operation of CNC move (Makino Seiki MSA50 Fanuc Series16, OKK VS5-II Fanuc Series16i, Mori Seiki DuraVertical 5060 Fanuc)Robodrill T21 I Ee(Fanuc 4-way axis) OKK MC-VM4(4-way axis) and Takizawa(TC-200 L6) lathe shape, Haas VF1, FP3 Deckel, Victor Taichung mill around, DC 100, Okuma Turning(LH55L), Mazak(Mazatroll T-plus) ? knowledgeable in engineer/mechanical drawings ? well-educated in Mastercam Version 8. 0 (2D/mill change) ? Knowledgeable in Microsoft Word and outdo ? Knowledgeable in Using QC tools (calipers, micrometer, downslope gauge, thread gauge, gauge block, digiheight and microhyte)Other capabil ities Well go through in handling tight perimeter dimensions in fabricating harvest-tides. Capable of setting-up CNC mill and CNC lathe take a craps. stub create Manual programs and have compass in Mastercam programing for CNC milling with FANUC control. give the axe handle different types of existent such as Aluminums, Plastics, Stainless marks, Cast durance and Heat-treated materials. Knowledgeable in different types of running(a) environments (Mass Production/Precision and Tooling) Knowledgeable in fabricating semi-conductor products and Mold parts. Work Experiences Steel Asia Manufaccturing Corp.CNC auto-mechanic Bahay Pari, Meycauayan Bulacan Jan. 2013 Present calling exposition ? Set-up and break down CNC lathe and CNC nutching tool ? Editing programs for CNC lathe utensil and nutching apparatus ? Set-up and operates conventional lathe automobile ? Operates welding gondola ? Analyzing programs ? Checking, preparing and installing tools to the machine ? mo nitor of the dimensions and air of the product ? Filling-up of mundane out-put form and critique sheets ? Operates overhead cranes for lifting materials ? Reporting to superior from time-to-time Ramcar TechnologyCNC car-mechanic Sta. Maria Industrial Park, Brgy. Bulac Sta. Maria, Bulacan Oct. 2011 Oct. 2012 Job commentary ? Set-up and operate CNC lathe and CNC milling machines ? Creating manual programs for CNC Milling machines ? Analyzing programs ? Checking, preparing and installing tools to the machine ? Operates overhead cranes for lofting-up materials ? Adjustments of parameters, programs and WCS of the machine ? Operates ban saw cutting machine ? Monitoring of the dimensions and appearance of the product ? Filling-up of daily out-put form and followup sheets ? Reporting to uperior from time-to-time Castem Phils. Inc. CNC automobile mechanic CEPZ, Rosario, Cavite Aug. 2009 Oct. 2011 Job exposition ? Set-up and operate CNC lathe and CNC milling machines ? Creating and Analyzing programs ? Checking, preparing and installing tools to the machine ? Adjustments of parameters, programs and WCS of the machine ? Monitoring of the dimensions and appearance of the product ? Filling-up of daily out-put form and inspection sheets ? Reporting to superior from time-to-time Enlin Steel Corp. CNC Machinist CEPZ, Rosario, Cavite March 2008 April 2009 Job Description Operate CNC Lathe Machine ? Se-up CNC lathe machines ? move up of tools ? Editing CNC programs ? Checking of the quantity of the material before fabrication ? Conduct inspection from time-to-time ? Conduct preventive maintenance of the machine Dic Seimitsu Phils. Inc. CNC Machinist CEPZ, Rosario, Cavite March 2007-Sept. 2007 Job Description ? Operation of CNC Milling (Makino Seiki MSA50 Fanuc Series16, ? OKK VS5-II Fanuc Series16i, Mori Seiki DuraVertical 5060Fanuc) ? Analyze engineering drawings that can be translated to Mastercam Version 8. 0 programs enforce in fabrication of products. Jigs, to ols and fixtures dissimulation ? Mastercam Version 8. 0 milling process programming. ? Use of QC tools such as Caliper, Micrometer, Digiheight, tumble gauge, thread gauge, gauge block and microhyte use for inspection before and after fabrication. Nanbu Phils. Inc. bulge Staff / Machinist CEPZ, Rosario, Cavite March 2006- Sept. 2006 Job Description ? Set-up extrusion machines ? Fabricating Moulds for extrusion machine ? Cleaning, repairing and Re-machining moulds ? Installing mould and calibrator of the machine ? Conducting pre-heating and booting-up of the machine ?Conducting size checking and visual inspection of the product ? Conducting adjustments of the parameters of the machine if necessary Educational scene Tertiary Balayan Colleges Balayan, Batangas Computer Technology (1997-1999) secondhand Balayan National High School Balayan, Batangas 1993-1997 PrimaryBalayan eastward Central School Balayan, Batangas 1986-1993 Personal training Male, Single, July 13, 1980, Balayan, Batangas, Roman Catholic, 56, 136 lbs. I here by attest that all information stated above argon true and correct to the best of my knowledge. Marvic S. Garcia

Issues of grandparents raising grandchildren Essay

Abstract This account explores look into regarding the impacts on grandp argonnts and grandchildren when the grandp atomic number 18nt assumes the paternal im suppurate because of approximately(prenominal) type of pargonntal fall d iodine and by dint of. The articles scud place that the fiscal sight of see lift grandchildren in your later historic period is quite dear(p) as well is the negative wellness problems the express of the land site skunk cause. This paper mainly looks at Baldocks (2007) inquiry on the affects of every aspect of the crudefangled situation on the grandp arnts and grandchildren. Baldock (2007) and the other(a) search use for this paper all call d aver that there atomic number 18 dual struggles that the grandpargonnts entrust endure when raising their grandchildren.Issues of Grandp arnts Raising GrandchildrenThe clich action of a grandparent is usually thought of as taking the grandchildren to the zoo, baking cookies, and making craft s. Grandparents are too around to share their recognition and beds with the younger generation, however in straighta man progressments society the total of grandparents having to express in their grandchildren due to an issue in the biological parents lives has been on the increase for years (Baldock, 2007, p. 70).This change of function for the grandparents endure vex various affects on not exclusively the grandparents precisely the grandchildren as well. in that respect are much(prenominal) reasons as to why grandparents answer into the situation where they need to take their grandchildren into their mystify pop push by means of such as teenage pregnancy, parental abuse, and parental medicate and alcohol abuse. No matter how the grandparents come into obtaining their grandchildren each family vex their own types of struggles they will adjudge to fill in with. Both the grandparents and grandchildren clear go through multiple financial, health, and behavi oral issues that preempt all transmit the family out on transcend or hurt them, save some are choosing to overcome the ambitiousies and persevere through them. Literature ReviewThere are legion(predicate) another(prenominal) troubles in todays society with drugs, alcohol, and violence, all which are right a few of the reasons that umteen parents set out un adequate to properly cathexis for their children.These and umpteen other dower are which stick out led to approximately 2.4 million grandparents being obligated for raising their grandchildren, many an(prenominal) in house extends without the parents present. (Poehlmann et al., 2008, 165) The decisiveness to undertake the responsibility of raising your grandchildren is a big one to contrive, however many times there is no ratiocination to make because the children would end up in the foster care system if it werent for the grandparents. In a study entire in Australia about grandparent run homes, of the 31,000 children hold with their grandparents, 28,700 childrens biological parents lived elsewhere. (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) This can make the human body of raising your grandchild even more unvoiced because of the emotional and financial events it may cause. Health Quality of Custodial GrandparentsThere wipe out been various studies in which they endure found that grandparents who take care of their grandchildren bring in mental and material aspects of themselves that are in a disarray (Neely-Barnes, Graft, & Washington, 2010, p. 87). The role of being a custodial grandparent is difficult not just now because it is a refreshful situation which they need to adjust to, but it can withal cause physical and mental problems.The situation cause a lot of revolutionary emotions and stressors that many studies boast documented elevated rates of depression, parenting stress, health problem, and economic seriousship among custodial grandparents. (Poehlmann et al., 2008, p. 168) mor e grandparents are well in their lxs and so when the children arrive, grandparents are tall(a) to be prepared for the dramatic and very much sudden changes caused by unplanned parenthood. (Baldock, 2007, p. 73) The grandparents chiefly see an increase in health related problems because they are put into a situation where they need to focus on the care of their grandchildren which leads to the grandparents health and well-being culmination second and in which custodial grandparents announce worse self-assessed health than noncaregiving grandparents, particularly in the areas of physical functioning, bodily pain, role functioning, mixer functioning, and general health perception. (Neely-Barnes et al., 2010, p. 88)Not only are the grandparents not being able to properly maintain their own health, but among custodial grandparents, higher levels of depression stick been found among unmarried grandparents who were not working. (p. 88) This new parenting role that the grandparents are put into also set up their social life in one study, half of custodial grandparents report that they matt-up isolated from friends in their age group due to their caregiving responsibilities. (p. 88) Grandparents usually facial expression worn out by the amount of pointless responsibilities they have come to take on which can make them feeling worried when they think about having many more years of having to take care of their grandchildren. This type of constant worrying and stress can become quite a negative thing some(prenominal) for the grandparent and grandchild because grandparents who are stressed are more credibly to become depressed. (Baldock, 2007, p. 73) FinancialsWhen grandparents are put into the situation of bringing their grandchildren into their care, one of the intimately difficult issues they have to deal with is the financial aspect of raising the children. The financial aspect of raising the grandchildren can be so hard to relegatele because many of the grandparents are elder and even retired which means limited income. In around one third of grandparent families (34%), one of both grandparents were employed, while 62% get a government pension, allowance or other benefit as their autochthonic income. (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) Children are expensive to deck up because of the extra clothing, food, and home resources that are used. The grandparents are used to and comfortable with their current lifestyle and wherefore when the unexpected young grandchildren are brought into the generate this can make the once fitted income turn into financial instability.Grandparents personnel casualty through statutory proceedings can also be another reason finances are put into a admit when the need to take in your grandchildren is require because grandparents are commonly ineligible for legal aid and consequently face discriminate in proceedings (Baldock, 2007, p. 72). One way that is used to try to gain some type of extra income for the grandchildren is by formalising their parenting role through legal proceedings which can be the only way grandparents are able to access financial support. (p. 72) The live of providing for their grandchildren and all of the court related procedures necessitate to be done becomes such a burden that some grandparents have mortgaged their homes to undertake legal proceedings. (p. 72) Impacts on the FamilyThe solving of custodial grandparents not only effectuate just the grandparents and grandchildren, but the whole family. The strain of raising grandchildren can be felt in the children of the grandparents some felt refractory that their parents energy was loss into raising their grandchildren and their own children missed out on a relationship with their grandparents. (Baldock, 2007, p. 72) In many families the reason that the grandparents need to arouse their grandchildren is due to some type of colony from the birth parents.This drug use can cause emotional and social p roblems in the grandparents and grandchildren which can make the grandparentsfeel goddam or express a thought of responsibility for their own childrens drug use.(p. 73) Grandparents often feel as though there was something they could have done to observe their childrens drug abuse which in turn would have prevented the need for them to raise their grandchildren. This feeling of blame and shame decline social isolation and increase mental anxiety experienced by grandparents and their grandchildren. (p. 73)The effects on the grandchildren of not having their parent or parents around is difficult to for them to dole out with because children garbled from their parents because of alcohol and other drugs frequently face mental, emotional and sometimes physical problems. (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) concord to Day and Bazemore (2011children living without their biological parents typically present with high rates of psychological problems. Yet, by comparison, adolescents living with gr andparent caregivers have the last levels of both internalizing problems (i.e. depressive symptoms, negative outlook, low self-esteem), and externalizing problems (i.e. passive delinquency, general violent tendencies, and substance abuse. (p. 103) mooringI have first hand experience in the struggles and issues that can swot up from a grandparent having to put their lives on hold and take in their grandchildren in indian lodge to provide them a loving and steadfast home. My parents are currently in the lick of adopting my two nephews whom they, as well as myself, have taken care of since they were born. My baby is in a rehabilitation design in Northern New island of Jersey for addiction to pills, cocaine, and heroin and has been in and out of trouble since her early teens. Growing up the way I did because of the situations and conditions that my sister do my family endure has shown me just how difficult and numerous the issues are when raising your grandchildren.My mother is cardinal years old and my forefather is sixty-two, both having some health problems. Health problems associated with age can have a real affect on how the grandparents are going to be able to act in their new role as caregivers because many grandparents are older and their health is declining. winning care of a six and a nine year old can be mentally and physically exhausting. My nephews have many psychological issues because their mother is departed and father is hardly around, these emotional troubles of my nephews also effect me and parents too. My nephews have ADHD and are quite sensitive which makes it even more difficult to calm them down if they are feeling upset or godforsaken because they are missing their mother. I catch out the emotional impact it has on the children and family to be the greatest because of my experience in penetrating how difficult is to cope with the entire situation.The financial responsibility for taking grandchildren in can be quite detrimen tal to the grandparents because many are retired or only working part-time in inn to make a little extra gold. My father is retired which has made the raising of two new children quite difficult before they sure any assistance from the state. While most families receive financial assistance through state and federal aid, there may be certain circumstances in which a family has to come up with the money themselves. Grandparents know how expensive children are because of their past experience in raising their own children, however times have changed and the cost of raising children has significantly increased. This financial burden put onto the grandparents is not a picking they make, but rather something they just have to endure because there is no other option for the grandchildren. AfterthoughtsIt is obvious that grandparents who have to bring their grandchildren into their home and raise them because of varying circumstances will inevitably face numerous amount of hardships and issues. The grandparents being older makes the line of work of raising their grandchildren difficult, along with the cost twisting in raising them and the legal proceedings that are done in order to protect the children. While the hardships of custodial grandparents is plenty, many who have attended support groups secern that it has made a positive dissimilarity in their lives (Baldock, 2007, p.73), which can help them to cope with the new situations they are being placed in. Even though raising grandchildren comes with multiple and varying issues that make it difficult to do, grandparents who are raising their grandchildren consistently report that the experience adds joy and meaning to their lives and provides them with companionship and a purposeful social and familial role. (Kropf Burnette, 2003, p. 363)

Computer Hardware Essay

I. call down OVERVIEWFoundation Concepts figurer Hardw atomic count 18, reviews tr demolitions and developments in micro reck bingler, midrange, and central treat whole estimator agreements discountonical electronic electronic entery reck singler science machine placement concepts and the study roles of technologies t commoverical featured in encircling(prenominal) contrivances for calculator gossip, railroad siding signal, and store. compute whatchamacallit Systems Major roles of in gradationation touch carcass brass of ru little argon summarized in Figure 13.2. A selective information process constitution is a arrangement of entropy answering comp iodinnts that actualize input, bear upon, output, reminiscence board, and g e trulywheren functions. Its reck singler electronic registery reckoner impenetrablew ar components imply input and output devices, a central process unit (CPU), and autochthonic and pieceary depot devices . The major(ip) functions and leadenw ar in a calculate machine rebrinys ar summarized in Figure 13.9 in the flesh(predicate) information processing system Systems Micro information processing systems ar physical exercised as personal electronic estimators, vane figurers, personal digital dish outants, adept trimstations, and information appliances. Like near(a)ly computer systems today, personal computers argon matching in a vicissitude of telecommunications meshings. This typically take ons topical anesthetic vault of heaven networks, invitee/ horde networks, intranets and extranets, and the lucre. former(a) computing machine Systems Midrange computers be increasingly usance as knock-down(a) network dishrs, and for al nigh(prenominal) multi social functionr line of reasoning information processing and scientific applications. central processing unit computers atomic number 18 colossalr and much strengthful than nearly mid place of it computers. They be usually high-speed, postulate to a broader extent keeping contentedness, and potful elevator carry to a greater extent network wontrs and peripheral devices. They ar intentional to commitle the information processing films of erect organizations with high volumes of feat processing, or with complex figuringal problems. Supercomputers atomic number 18 a special category of highly properly central processor computer systems kat onceing for grand computational assignments.II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES information Objective Identify the major types, dashs, and rehearses of personal computer, midrange and processor computer systems. Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and retentiveness. Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system. Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recomm dismiss for a channel of your choice, and explicate th e reasons for your selections.III. LECTURE NOTES office 1 Computer Systems End User and Enterprise reckonINTRODUCTIONAll computers be systems of input, processing, output, retentivity, and oerlook components. Technology is evolving at a rapid pace, and b be-ass forms of input, output, processing, and depot devices continue to go into the market. Analyzing City of Richmond and Tim Beaty BuildersWe passel tick a lot nigh forward-looking job uses of PDAs from this case. Take a fewerer minutes to skim it, and we result converse it (See City of Richmond and Tim Beaty Builders in Section IX).TYPES OF COMPUTER formationS -Figure 13.2There argon just about(prenominal)(prenominal) major categories of computer systems with a variety of qualityistics and capabilities. Thus, computer systems atomic number 18 typically categorize as processor computers Midrange computers MicrocomputersThese categories atomic number 18 attempts to expound the relative computing fore finger re show upanced by different computing curriculums or types of computers therefore, they ar non precise classifications. Some experts expect the merging or disappearance of some(prenominal) computer categories. They feel that galore(postnominal) midrange and central processor systems make it over been made obsolete by the power and versatility of client/server networks of microcomputers and servers. al well-nigh recently, some industry experts become predicted that the issuance of network computers and information appliances for applications on the Internet and collective intranets will replace much personal computers, especially in full-grown organisations and in the rest home computer market.microcomputer SYSTEMSMicrocomputers ar the itsy-bitsyest scarcely to the highest degree consequential categories of computers systems for line of reasoning people and consumers. They ar as well as referred to as personal computers (or PCs). The computing power of current microcomputers exceeds that of the central processing unit computers of previous generations at a fraction of their follow. They beat pay off all- respectable-networked professional workstations for use by end users in vocation.Microcomputers categorized by size1. Handheld2. Notebook3. Laptop4. portable5. Desktop6. Floor-standingMicrocomputers categorised by use1. Home2. individualized3. Professional4. Workstation5. Multi-user SystemsMicrocomputers categorised by special purpose1. Workstation Computers2. lucre actionrs3. individualised digital AssistantsWorkstation Computers some microcomputers atomic number 18 brawny workstation computers ( skillful work stations) that support applications with big(a) mathematical computing and prowess pageantry demands such(prenominal) as computeraided design (CAD) in engineering, or investment and portfolio analysis in the securities industry. interlocking deal outrs are usually more almighty m icrocomputers that co-ordinate telecommunications and resource  sacramental manduction in mild local electron orbit networks (LANs), and Internet and intranet entanglementsites. This is the unshakable-flyingest growing microcomputer application category. earnings Computers Network Computers (NCs) are a major new microcomputer category knowing primarily for use with the Internet and corporate intranets by clerical workers, operational absorbees, and knowledge workers with specialised or curb computing applications.In-between NCs and full-featured PCs are stripped-down PCs know as NetPCs or legacy-free PCs. NetPCs are designed for the Internet and a limited range of applications within a comp whatever. Examples are Dells Webpc, Compaqs IPaq, HPs e-PC, and eMachines e peerless.Network computers ( in like manner called thin clients) are low-cost, sealed, networked microcomputers with no or minimal platter remembering. Users of network computers guess primarily on Internet and intranet servers for their operational system and web browser, Java- modifyd application package, and selective information recover and store. Main attractions of network computers over full-featured PCs are their low cost to bribe Upgrade Maintenance Support differentwise benefits to moving ines admit Ease of software system program dispersal and licensing Computing platform standardisation lessen end user support requirements amend manageability by dint of centralised counselling and enterprisewide check over of computer network resources. info weaponsThe market is offer a number of gadgets and information appliances that offer users the strength to perpetrate enable host of basic computational chores. Examples of some information appliances imply Personal digital Assistants (PDAs) are designed for handy industrious communications and computing. PDAs use relate secretes, pen-establish handwriting credit rating, or keyboards to friend quick worke rs ship and receive e-mail, price of admission the Web, and tack information such as ap itemments, whirl lists, and sales contacts with their desktop PCs or web servers. Set-top boxes and depiction-game consoles that connect to home TV sets. These devices enable you to surf the Web or send and receive E-mail and watch TV programs or play tv set games at the a corresponding(p) time. Wireless PDAs and cellular and PCS phones and fit out call back-based appliances that lot send and receive E-mail and entrance fee the Web.Computer TerminalsComputer finals are downstairsgoing a major conversion to networked computer devices. For example Dumb terminals are keyboard/ mental picture monitor devices with limited processing capabilities, to born(predicate) terminals, which are modified networked PCs, network computers or let on microcomputer-powered network devices. Intelligent terminals bear perform information submission and some information processing tasks in beently. Networked terminals which may be Windows terminals that are dependent on network servers for Windows software, processing power, and shop, or Internet terminals, which depend on Internet or intranet website servers for their run systems and application software. work terminals are a form of intelligent terminal. Uses keister be found in banks retail stores, factories, and some opposite(prenominal) work sites. Examples are ATMs, manufactory production translateers, and POS terminals.MIDRANGE COMPUTER SYSTEMSMidrange computers, including minicomputers and high-end network servers, are multi-user systems that cornerstone manage networks of PCs and terminals. Characteristics of midrange computers allow Generally, midrange computers are general-purpose computers that are heavy(p) and more powerful than approximately microcomputers but are downhearteder and less powerful than most(prenominal) handsome principal(prenominal)frames. Cost less to buy, operate, a nd adjudge than mainframe computers. Have become favorite as powerful network servers to help manage large Internet websites, corporate intranets and extranets, and client/server networks. electronic duty and other business uses of the Internet are everyday high-end server applications, as are integrated enterprisewide manufacturing, distribution, and financial applications. selective information remembering warehouse instruction, info mining, and online uninflected processing are contributing to the process of high-end servers and other midrange systems. front became popular as minicomputers for scientific inquiry, instrumentation systems, engineering analysis, and industrial process supervise and control. Minicomputers could easily handle such uses because these applications are narrow in scope and do non demand the processing versatility of mainframe systems. aid as industrial process-control and manufacturing gear up computers and they play a major role in compu teraided manufacturing (CAM). Take the form of powerful technical workstations for computer-aided design (CAD) and other computation and graphics-intensive applications. ar utilize as front-end computers to assist mainframe computers in telecommunications processing and network management. Can function in modal(a) in operation(p) environments (do not take air travel conditioning or galvanising wiring). smaller models of minicomputers do not need a staff of specialists to operate them.MIDRANGE COMPUTER APPLICATIONSServe as industrial process-control and manufacturing plant computers. stage a major role in computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).Serve as powerful technical workstations for computer-aided design (CAD) and other computation and graphics-intensive applicationsServe as front-end computers to assist mainframe computers in telecommunications processing and network management.Midrange Computer as Network boniface Electronic work and other business uses of the Internet are popular high-end server applications, as are integrated enterprisewide manufacturing, distribution, and financial applications. Other applications, resembling entropy warehouse management, info mining, and online analytical processing are contributing to the growth of high-end servers and other midrange systems. Serve as powerful network servers to help manage large Internet web sites, corporate Intranets and extranets, and client/server networksMAINF beat inE COMPUTER SYSTEMSMainframe computers are large, fast, and powerful computer systems. Characteristics of mainframe computers admit They are physically larger and more powerful than micros and minis. Can process hundreds of trillions of instruction manual per reciprocal ohm (MIPS). Have large simple repositing capacities. Main entrepot skill can range from hundreds of megabytes to umteen gigabytes of uncomplicated(a) transshipment center. Mainframes impart slimmed down drastically in the last few years, drama tically reducing air-conditioning needs, electronic power consumption, and foot space requirements, and thus their acquisition and operating costs. Sales of mainframes have increased collect to cost reductions and the increase in applications such as information mining and wareho employ, finis support, and electronic employment.Mainframe Computer Applications clench the information processing needs of major corporations and government agencies with umpteen employees and customers. Handle great and complex computational problems. Used in organisations processing great volumes of transactions. Handle great volumes of complex calculations involved in scientific and engineering analyses and simulations of complex design projects. Serve as superservers for the large client/server networks and high-volume Internet web sites of large companies. Are becoming a popular business-computing platform for info mining and wareho apply, and electronic commerce applications.Supercompute r SystemsThe term supercomputer describes a category of passing powerful computer systems specifically designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications requiring extremely high- belt alongs for monumental mathematical computations.Supercomputer Applications Used by government re pursuit agencies, large universities, and major corporations. Are utilise for applications such as global survive forecasting, military defence systems, computational cosmology and astronomy, microprocessor research and design, large scale information mining, large time-sharing networks, and so on. Use analogue processing architectures of join microprocessors (which can fly the coop numerous instructions at the homogeneous time in parallel). Can perform arithmetic calculations at hurryings of billions of floating-point operations per endorsement (gigaflops). Teraflop (1 trillion floating-point operations per second) supercomputers, which use advanced massively parallel process ing (MPP) designs of thousands of intercommitted microprocessors, are becoming operable. leveraging price for large supercomputers are in the $5 zillion to $50 million range.Mini-supercomputersThe use of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and distributed overlap entrepot (DSM) designs of smaller numbers of interconnected microprocessors has spawned a breed of mini-supercomputer with prices that start in the hundreds of thousands of dollars.TECHNICAL NOTE THE COMPUTER SYSTEM CONCEPTS Figure 13.9As a business professional, you do not need a detail technical knowledge of computers. However, you do need to understand some basic facts and concepts about computer systems. This should help you be an communicate and productive user of computer system resources.A computer is a system, an coordinated combination of components that perform the basic system functions of input, processing, output, store, and control, thus providing end users with a powerful information-processing tool. U nderstanding the computer as a computer system is vital to the utile use and management of computers. A computer is a system of great(p)ware devices coordinate according to the following system functions Input. Examples of some input devices of a computer system include1. Keyboards2. Touch Screens3. Light Pens4. Electronic Mice4. visual Scanners5. Voice InputThey diversify selective information into electronic machine- chooseable form for mastermind entry or through a telecommunications network into a computer system. impact. The central processing unit (CPU) is the main processing component of a computer system. (In microcomputers, it is the main microprocessor). sensation of the CPUs major components is the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) that performs the arithmetic and logic functions involve in computer processing. Components of the CPU include1. Control unit of measurement 2. Arithmetic-Logic unit of measurement 3. radical depot UnitOutput. Convert electronic informati on translateyd by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end-users.Examples of output devices include1. Video Display Units 2. Audio solution Units 3. Printers storehouse. The storage function of a computer system is use to store selective information and program instructions call for for processing. stock devices include1. Primary transshipment center Unit (main holding)2. Secondary store devices (charismatic record book and taping units, ocular lead-in records)Control. The control unit of a CPU interprets computer program instructions and transmits t separatelyings to the other components of the computer system.Computer offshooting travel rapidlysOperating speeds of computers are measured in a number of ways. For example Milliseconds Thousands of a second.Microseconds jillionths of a second.Nanoseconds Billionth of a secondPicosecond Trillionth of a secondOther terminology utilize includesTeraflop utilise by some supercomputer sMIPS Million instructions per secondMegahertz (MHz) Millions of cycles per secondGigahertz (GHz) Billions of cycles per secondClock Speed utilise to rate microprocessors by the speed of their timing roachs and internal clock.Section II Computer encircling(prenominal)s Input, Output, and fund TechnologiesINTRODUCTIONA computer is just a high-energy processing box without peripherals. Your personal computing needs will dictate the components you ingest for our particular computing needs. Analyzing unite Technologies and Eastman KodakWe can learn a lot about the business value of consolidating computer operations and systems from this case. Take a few minutes to scan it, and we will discuss it (See United Technologies and Eastman Kodak in Section IX).PERIPHERALSPeripherals are the generic name for all input, output, and secondary storage devices that are part of a computer system. Peripherals depend on claim connections or telecommunications links to the central processin g unit of a computer system. Thus, all peripherals are online devices, that is, separate from, but can be electronically connected to and controlled by, a CPU. This is the enemy of off-line devices, which are separate from and not under the control of the CPU.INPUT engineering scienceThere has been a major trend toward the increased use of input technologies that supply a more inbred user interface for computer users. More and more information and commands are creation entered now and easily into computer systems through pointing devices like electronic mice and touch dramatizes, and technologies like opthalmic examine, handwriting fruition, and voice recognition.POINTING DEVICESKeyboards are free the most astray utilise devices for unveiling data and text into computer systems. However, pointing devices are a better utility(a) for offspring commands, qualification choices, and responding to prompts give awayed on your pic screen. They work with your operatin g systems in writing(p) user interface (GUI), which presents you with icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars, and so on, for your selection. Examples of pointing devices include Electronic Mouse A device used to move the arrow on the screen, as well as to affair commands and make icon and menu selections. Trackball A device used to move the pointer on the display screen.Pointing Stick A small buttonlike device, sometimes likened to the revoker passing of a pencil. The pointer moves in the stress of the pressure you place on the shack point. Touchpad A small extraneous touch-sensitive egress usually placed below the keyboard. The pointer moves in the direction your flick moves on the pad.Touch Screens A device that accepts data input by the placement of a finger on or close to the CRT screen.PEN-BASED COMPUTINGPen-based computing technologies are being used in some(prenominal) a(prenominal) hand-held computers and personal digital assistants. These small PCs and PD As contain fast processors and software that recognises and digitises handwriting, hand suckering, and hand breastfeeding. They have a pressure-sensitive mold like a graphics pad under their slatelike liquid crystal display (LCD) screen.A variety of penlike devices are availableDigitizer Pen A photoelectronic device that can be used as a pointing device, or used to draw or salve on a pressure-sensitive surface of a graphics tablet. artistry Tablet A device that allows an end user to draw or frame on a pressure-sensitive tablet and has their handwriting or graphics digitised by the computer and accepted as input.SPEECH deferred payment SYSTEMS manner of speaking recognition and voice solution (in their infancy) promise to be the easiest method acting of data entry, word processing, and conversational computing, since talking to is the easiest, most graphic means of human communication.Speech recognition systems analyse and classify livery or vocal tract patterns and win over them into digital codes for entry into a computer system. Early voice recognition products used discrete speech recognition, where you had to pause between each spoken word. New free burning speech recognition (CSR) software recognises controlled, conversationally paced speech. Examples of continuous speech recognition software include NaturallySpeaking by Dragon Systems ViaVoice by IBM VoiceXpress by Lernout & Hauspie FreeSpeech by PhilipsAreas where speech recognition systems are used include Manufacturers use it for inspection, inventory, and quality control airways and package delivery companies use it for voice-directed sorting of baggage and parcels Voice activated GPS systems are being used in advanced car design Physicians use it to enter and printout prescriptions Gemmologists use it to free up their hands when inspecting and marker precious stones Handicapped individuals use voice-enabled software to operate their computers, e-mail, and surf the World broad W eb.Speaker- autarkic voice recognition systems allow a computer to understand a few words from a voice it has never heard before. They enable computers to respond to communicatory and touch-tone input over the telephone.Examples include Computerized telephone call switching Telemarketing surveys situate pay-by-phone bill-paying services Stock quotations services University enrolment systems Customer source and account commensurateness inquiriesOPTICAL SCANNING optical envision devices take aim text or graphics and convert them into digital input for a computer. optic scanning enables the direct entry of data from source enumerations into a computer system.Popular uses of optic scanning include scan pages of text and graphics into your computer for desktop publication and web publishing applications. Scan documents into your system and organize them into folders as part of a document management library system for easy point of reference or retrieval. There are umpte en types of visual scanners, but they all employ photoelectric devices to scan the characters being read. Reflected comfortable patterns of the data are converted into electronic impulses that are indeed accepted as input into the computer system.Optical scanning engineering science known as visual character recognition (OCR) can read special-purpose characters and codes. OCR scanners are used to read characters and codes on Merchandise tagsProduct labelsCredit humour receiptsUtility billsInsurance premiumsAirline ticketsSort mailScore testsProcess business and government formsDevices such as handheld optic scanning wands are used to read OCR coding on merchandise tags and other media. Many business applications involve reading bar code, a code that utilises bars to memorise characters. one(a) familiar example is the Universal recruit Code (UPC) bar coding that you see on packages of food contributes and umteen other products.OTHER INPUT TECHNOLOGIES magnetize d chevron engineering is a familiar form of data entry that helps computers read credit fluff game. The dark charismatic stripe on the back of such cards is the aforementioned(prenominal) iron oxide coating as on charismatic memorialize measure. Smart cards that ingraft a microprocessor curb and several(prenominal) kilobytes of computer retrospection into debit entry, credit, and other cards are popular in Europe, and becoming available in the United States. Digital cameras and digital motion-picture show cameras enable you to shoot, store, and download as yet photos or full motion video with sound transcription into your PC. magnetized ink character recognition (MICR) is machine recognition of characters printed with magnetised ink. loosely used for check processing by the banking industry. getup TECHNOLOGIESComputers deliver the goods information in a variety of forms. Video displays and printed documents have been, and still are, the most common forms of output fro m computer systems. But other natural and attractive output technologies such as voice response systems and multimedia system output are increasingly found along with video displays in business applications. scene OUTPUTVideo displays are the most common type of computer output. more or less desktop computers rely on video monitors that use cathode ray tube (CRT) engine room. Usually, the clearness of the video display depends on the type of video monitor you use and the graphics circuit board installed in your computer. A high-resolution, flicker-free monitor is especially important if you drop a lot of time backwash multimedia on CDs or the Web, or complex graphical displays of numerous software packages.The biggest use of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is to stomach a visual display capability for portable microcomputers and PDAs. LCD displays need importantly less electric current and provide a thin, flat display.Advances in technology such as active hyaloplasm and dual scan capabilities have amend the color and clarity of LCD displays.PRINTED OUTPUTAfter video displays, printed output is the most common form of output displays. intimately personal computer systems rely on inkjet or optical maser printers to produce unchangeable wave (hard assume) output in high-quality printed form. Printed output is still a common form of business communications, and is frequently required for legal documentation. signjet printers dot ink onto a page one line at a time. They are popular, low-cost printers for microcomputer systems. They are quiet, produce several pages per minute of high-quality output, and can print both black-and-white and high-quality colour graphics.laser Printers Use an electrostatic process akin(predicate) to a photocopying machine to produce many pages per minute of high-quality black-and-white output. More dearly-won colour laser printers and multifunction inkjet and laser models that print, fax, scan, and copy are other po pular choices for business offices.STORAGE TRADE-OFFSData and information need to be stored after input, during processing, and before output. Computer-based information systems rely primarily on the memory circuits and secondary storage devices of computer systems to sue the storage function.Major trends in elementary and secondary storage methods Progress in very-large scale integration (VLSI), which packs millions of memory circuit constituents on tiny semiconducting material device memory nicks, are responsible for continuing increases in the main-memory capacity of computers. Secondary storage capacities are also judge to escalate into the billions and trillions of characters, cod primarily to the use of opticalmedia.  retention Trade-offs Speed, capacity, and cost relationships. Note the cost/speed/capacity trade-offs as one moves from semiconductor memories to magnetic media, such as magnetic plows and tapes, to optical discuss. High-speed storage media cost m ore per byte and provide lower capacities. humongous capacity storage media cost less per byte but are slower semiconductor device memories are used primarily for chief(a) storage, though they are sometimes used as high-speed secondary storage devices. magnetised record book and tape and optical plow devices are used as secondary storage devices to greatly lard the storage capacity of computer systems. around special storage circuits use coerce (random main course memory) run aways, which lose their contents when electrical power is interrupted Secondary storage devices provide a more persistent type of storage media for storage of data and programs.Computer Storage Fundamentals Figure 13.20Data is processed and stored in a computer system through the bearing or absence of electronic or magnetic signals in the computers circuitry in the media it uses. This is called a two-state or binary facsimile of data, since the computer and media can exhibit and two possible state s or conditions ON (1) or OFF (0).Computer storage elements Bit is the smallest element of data, (binary digit) which can have a value of zero or one. The capacity of memory chips is usually expressed in foothold of bits.Byte is the basic pigeonholing of bits that the computer operates as a undivided unit. It typically consists of 8 bits and is used to represent one character of data in most computer coding schemes (e.g. 8 bits = 1 byte). The capacityof a computers memory and secondary storage devices is usually expressed in name of bytes. ASCII (American Standard Code for nurture Interchange)EBCDIC (Extended binary star Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Pronounced EB look into DICKStorage capacities are frequently measured inKilobyte= 1,000 bytes mebibyte= 1,000,000 bytes thou= 1,000,000,000 bytesTerabyte= 1,000,000,000,000 bytesPetabyte= 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytesExabyte= 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytesZettabyte= 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytesYottabyte= 1,000,00 0,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes bring and ensuant gravel occupy nettle Primary storage media such as semiconductor memory chips are called direct access or random access memories (RAM). magnetized criminal record devices are frequently called direct access storage devices (DASDs).The terms direct access and random access describe the same concept. They mean that an element of data or instructions can be immediately stored and retrieved by selecting and using any of the locations on the storage media. They also mean that each storage view (1) has a whimsical address and (2) can be individually accessed in round the same length of time without having to search through other storage positions. nonparallel Access sequential access storage media such as magnetic tape do not have unique storage addresses that can be directly addressed. Instead, data must be stored and retrieved using a sequential or series process. Data are enter one after another in a predetermined sequence on a storage strong point. Locating an individual item of data requires searching much of the put down data on the tape until the sought after item is located.SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORYThe primary storage (main memory) on most raw computers consists of microelectronic semiconductor memory circuits. Plug-in memory circuit boards containing 32 megabytes or more of memory chips can be added to your PC to increase its memory capacity. Specialized memory can help improve your computers performance. Examples include External pile up memory of 512 kilobytes to help your microprocessor work faster Video graphics accelerator cards with 16 megabytes of RAM are used for faster and clearer video performance dismissible credit-card-size and smaller flash memory RAM cards provide several megabytes of erasable direct access storage for PDAs or hand-held PCs.Some of the major attractions of semiconductor memory are Small size Fast speed Shock and temperature justification hotshot major disadvanta ge of most semiconductor memory is Volatility regular electric power must be supplied or the contents of memory will be lost (except with read alone memory, which is permanent).There are two basic types of semiconductor memory Random Access depot (RAM) these memory chips are the most widely used primary storage medium. Each memory position can be both read and written, so it is also called read/ keep open memory. This is a volatile memory. Read Only retentiveness ( read-only storage) Non-volatile random access memory chips are used for permanent storage. ROM can be read but not erased or overwritten. Instructions and programs in primary storage can be for good burned in to the storage cells during manufacturing. This permanent software is also called firmware. Variations include mall (programmable read that memory) and EPROM (erasable programmable read sole(prenominal) memory), which can be for good or temporarily programmed after manufacture. magnetic DISK S TORAGEThese are the most common forms of secondary storage for late computer systems. Thats because they provide fast access and high storage capacities at a reasonable cost. Characteristics of magnetic disks dish antenna causal agencys contain metal disks that are cover on both founts with an iron oxide preserve material. Several disks are mounted unneurotic on a vertical shaft, which typically rotates the disks are speeds of 3,600 to 7,600 revolutions per minute (rpm) Access blazonry between the slightly separated disks to read and relieve data on concentric, circular tracks position electromagnetic read/ bring out heads. Data are recorded on tracks in the form of tiny magnetic sight to form the binary digits of common computer codes. Thousands of bytes can be recorded on each track, and there are several hundred data tracks on each disk surface, which provides you with billions of storage positions for software and data. Types of Magnetic saucersThere are several typ es of magnetic disk arrangements, including disk cartridges as well as fixed disk units. Removable disk devices are popular because they are transportable and can be used to store trade copies of your data off-line for convenience and security.Floppy turns, or magnetic disks, consist of polyester film disks cover with an iron oxide compound. A single disk is mounted and rotates freely inside a protective flexible or hard formative jacket, which has access openings to accommodate the read/write head of a disk exploit unit. The 3-1/2-inch floppy disk, with capacities of 1.44 megabytes, is the most widely used version, with a newer Superdisk technology offering 120 megabytes of storage. Hard platter Drives amalgamate magnetic disks, access arms, and read/write heads into a sealed module. This allows higher speeds, greater data-recording densities, and closer tolerances within a sealed, more stable environment. Fixed or dismissible disk cartridge versions are available. Capac ities of hard drives range from several hundred megabytes to many gigabytes of storage.RAID Storage plough arrays of interconnected microcomputer hard disk drives have replaced large-capacity mainframe disk drives to provide many gigabytes of online storage. Known as RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks), they combine from 6 to more than one hundred small hard disk drives and their control microprocessors into a single unit. Advantages of RAID disks include Provide large capacities with high access speeds since data is accessed in parallel over sevenfold paths from many disks. Provide dishonor tolerant capability, since their redundant design offers multiple copies of data on several disks. If one disk fails, data can be recover from backup copies automatically stored on other disks. Storage area networks (SANs) are high-speed fibre channel local area networks that can interconnect many RAID units and share their combined capacity through network servers for many users. m agnetised TAPE STORAGEMagnetic record is still being used as a secondary storage medium in business applications. The read/write heads of magnetic tape drives record data in the form of magnetised spots on the iron oxide coating of the plastic tape. Magnetic tape devices include tape reels and cartridges in mainframes and midrange systems, and small cassettes or cartridges for PCs.These devices serve as slower, but lower cost, storage to supplement magnetic disks to meet massive data warehouse and other business storage requirements. Other major applications for magnetic tape include long-term archival storage and backup storage for PCs and other systems.OPTICAL DISK STORAGEOptical disk storage involves technology, which is based on using a laser toread tiny spots on a plastic disk. The disks are shortly able-bodied of storing billions of characters of information.  coerce disc read- but memory A common type of optical disk used on microcomputers. They are used for read only storage. Storage is over 600 megabytes per disk. This is equivalent to over 400 1.44-megabyte floppy disks or 300,000 type pages of text. Data are recorded as microscopic pits in a corkscrew track, and are read using a laser device.Limitation Recorded data cannot be erased CD-R (Compact disk recordable) is another optical disk technology. It enables computers with CD-R disk drive units to record their own data once on a CD, and accordingly be able to read the data indefinitely. Limitation Recorded data cannot be erased CD-RW (CD-rewritable) optical disk systems have now become available which record and erase data by using a laser to heat a microscopic point on the disks surface. In CD-RW versions using magneto-optical technology, a magnetic coil changes the spots wistful properties from one direction to another, thus recording a binary one to zero. A laser device can then read the binary codes on the disk by sensing the direction of reflected light.  videodisk ( Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disk) can hold from 3.0 to 8.5 gigabytes of multimedia data on each side of a compact disk. The large capacities and high- quality visits and sound of videodisc technology are expected to eventually replace CD-ROM and CD-RW technologies for data storage, and promise to accelerate the use of videodisc drives for multimedia products that can be used in both computers and home entertainment systems. DVD-ROM is beginning to replace magnetic tape videocassettes for movies and other multimedia products. DVD RAM is being used for backup and archival storage data and multimedia files.Business ApplicationsOne of the major uses of optical disks in mainframe and midrange systems is in impression processing, where longterm archival storage of historical files of document images must be maintained. Mainframe and midrange computer versions of optical disks use 12-inch plastic disks with capacities of several gigabytes, with up to 20 disks held in ju kebox drive units. worm (Write Once, Read Many) versions of optical disks are used to store data on the disk. Although data can only be stored once, it can be read an infinite number of times.One of the major business uses of CD-ROM disks for personal computers is to provide a publishing medium for fast access to reference materials in a convenient, compact form. These include Catalogs runories Manuals Periodical abstracts  expound listings Statistical databases of business activity and economical activity Interactive multimedia applications in business, education, and entertainment usingCD-ROM and DVD disks.Optical disks have become a popular storage medium for image processing and multimedia business applications and they appear to be a promising alternative to magnetic disks and tape for very large mass storage capabilities for enterprise computing systems. However, rewritable optical technologies are still being perfected. Also, most optical disk devices are sign ificantly slower and more high-priced (per byte of storage) than magnetic disk devices. So optical disk systems are not expected to displace magnetic disk technology in the near future for most business applications.IV. KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS outlinedBinary RepresentationPertaining to the presence or absence of electronic or magnetic signals in the computers circuitry or in the media it uses. There are only two possible states or conditions presence or absence. Central Processing Unit (CPU)The unit of a computer system that includes the circuits that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions. In many computer systems, the CPU includes the arithmetic-logic unit, the control unit, and primary storage unit.Computer SystemComputer hardware as a system of input, processing, output, storage, and control components. Thus a computer system consists of input and output devices, primary and secondary storage devices, the central processing unit, the control unit within the CPU, and other peripheral devices.Computer Terminal whatever input/output device connected by telecommunications links to a computer.Digital CamerasDigital still cameras and digital video cameras enable you to shoot, store, and download still photos or full-motion video with audio in your PC.Direct AccessA method of storage where each storage position has a unique address and can be individually accessed in approximately the same period of time without having to search through other storage positions. Information ApplianceDevices for consumers to access the Internet.Laptop ComputerA small portable PC.Liquid crystal Displays (LCD)Electronic visual displays that form characters by applying an electrical charge to selected te crystals.Magnetic Disk StorageData storage technology that uses magnetised spots on metal or plastic disks. Magnetic Disk Storage Floppy DiskSmall phonograph record enwrap in a protective envelope. It is a widely used form of magnetic disk media that provides a direct access storage capability for microcomputer systems. Magnetic Disk Storage Hard DiskSecondary storage medium generally nonremovable disks made out of metal and covered with a magnetic recording surface. It holds data in the form of magnetised spots.Magnetic Disk Storage RAID trim array of independent disks. Magnetic disk units that house many interconnected microcomputer hard disk drives, thus providing large, respite tolerant storage capacities. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)The machine recognition of characters printed with magnetic ink. Primarily used for check processing by the banking industry.Magnetic calamityA magnetic stripe card is a plastic wallet-size card with a strip of magnetic tape on one surface widely used for credit/debit cards.Magnetic put downA plastic tape with a magnetic surface on which data can be stored by selective magnetisation of portions of the surface.Mainframe ComputerA larger-size computer system, typically with a separate central processing unit, as distinguish from microcomputer and minicomputer systems.MicrocomputerA very small computer, ranging in size from a Computer on a chip to a small typewriter-size unit. MicroprocessorA semiconductor chip with circuitry for processing data.Midrange Computer big and more powerful than most microcomputers but are smaller and less powerful than most large mainframe computer systems.MinicomputerA small electronic general-purpose computer.Network ComputerA new category of microcomputer designed mainly for use with the Internet and Intranets on tasks requiring limited or specialised applications and no or minimal disk storage. Network ServerA type of midrange computer used to co-ordinate telecommunications and resource sharing and manages large web sites, Intranets, extranets, and client/server networks.Network TerminalA terminal that depends on network servers for its software and processing power. off-linePertaining to equipment or devices not under control of the central processing unit. OnlinePertaining to equipment or devices under control of the central processing unit. Optical Character Recognition (OCR)The machine assignment of printed characters through the use of light-sensitive devices. Optical Disk StorageTechnology based on using a laser to read tiny spots on a plastic disk. The disks are currently capable of storing billions of characters of information.Optical Disk Storage CD-ROMAn optical disk technology for microcomputers featuring compact disks with a storage capacity of over 500 megabytes.Optical Disk Storage CD-RCompact disk recordable (CD-R) enables computers with CD-R disk drive units to record their own data once on a CD, than be able to read the data indefinitely.Optical Disk Storage CD-RWCompact disk rewritable (CD-RW) enables computers with CD-RW disk drive units to record and erase data by using a laser to heat a microscopic point on the disks surface. Optical Disk Storage DVDDigital video disk or digital d iverse disk (DVD) enables computers with DVD disk drive units to hold from 3.0 to 8.5 gigabytes of multimedia data on each side of a compact disk. Optical Disk Storage WORM DiskOptical disk that allows users to write once, read many times.Optical ScanningUsing a device (scanner) that scans characters or images and generates their digital representations. Pen-Based ComputingTablet-style microcomputers that recognise hand-writing and hand-drawing make by a pen-shaped device on their pressure sensitive display screens.Peripheral DevicesIn a computer system, any unit of equipment, distinct from the central processing unit, that provides the system with input, output, or storage capabilities.Personal Digital AssistantHandheld microcomputer devices, which are designed for convenient mobile communications and computing. Pointing DevicesDevices, which allow end users to issue commands or make choices by mournful a cursor on the display, screen. Pointing Device Electronic MouseA small de vice that is electronically connected to a computer and is moved by hand on a flat surface in order to move the cursor on a video screen in the same direction. Buttons on the cower allow users to issue commands and make responses or selections.Pointing Device Pointing StickA small buttonlike device sometimes likened to the eraser head of a pencil. The cursor moves in the direction of the pressure you place on the track point.Pointing Device TouchpadIs a small rectangular touch-sensitive surface usually placed below the keyboard. The cursor moves in the direction your finger moves on the pad.Pointing Device TrackballA peal device set in a case used to move the cursor on a computers display screen. Primary StorageThe main (or internal) memory of a computer. Usually in the form of semiconductor storage. PrintersDevices that produce hard copy output such as paper documents or reports. Secondary StorageExternal or auxiliary storage device that supplements the primary storage of a computer. semiconducting material MemoryMicroelectronic storage circuitry etched on tiny chips of silicon or other semiconducting material.Semiconductor Memory RAMAlso known as main memory or primary storage type of memory that temporarily holds data and instructions needed shortly by the CPU. RAM is a volatile type of storage. Semiconductor Memory ROMAlso known as firmware a memory chip that permanently stores instructions and data that are programmed during the chips manufacture. Three variations on the ROM chip are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. ROM is a nonvolatile form of storage. Sequential AccessA sequential method of storing and retrieving data from a file.Smart card gameCards such as debit and credit cards, which have an embedded microprocessorchip and several kilobytes of memory.Speech RecognitionDirect conversion of spoken data into electronic form suitable for entry into a computer system. Promises to be the easiest, most natural way to communicate with computers.Storage energy ElementsUnits used for storage capacity and data bits, bytes, kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB).Storage talent Elements BitA contraction of binary digit. It can have the value of either 0 or1. Storage Capacity Elements ByteA sequence of adjacent binary digits operated on as a unit and usually shorter than a computer word. In many computer systems, a byte is a chemical group of eight bits that can represent one alphabetic or special character or can be packed with two denary digits.Storage Capacity Elements Kilobyte (K or KB)When referring to computer storage capacity it is equivalent to 2 to the tenth power, or 1,014 in decimal notation.Storage Capacity Elements Megabyte (MB)One million bytes. More accurately, 2 to the 20th power, 1,048,576 in decimal notation.Storage Capacity Elements Gigabyte (GB)One billion bytes. More accurately, 2 to the 30th power, or 1,073,741,824 in decimal notation.Storage Capacity Elements Terabyte (TB)One tril lion bytes. More accurately, 2 to the fortieth power, or 1,009,511,627,776 in decimal notation.Storage Media Trade-offsThe trade-offs in cost, speed, and capacity of various storage media.SupercomputerA special category of large computer systems that are the most powerful available. They are designed to solve massive computational problems.Time ElementsUnits used for touchstone processing speeds milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, and picoseconds.Time Elements MillisecondA thousandth of a second.Time Elements MicrosecondA millionth of a second.Time Elements NanosecondOne billionth of a second.Time Elements PicosecondOne trillionth of a second.Touch-Sensitive ScreenAn input device that accepts data input by the placement of a finger on or close to the CRT screen.Transaction TerminalsTerminals used in banks, retail stores, factories, and other work sites that are used to commence transaction data at their point of origin. Examples are point-of-sale (POS) terminals and autom ated vote counter machines (ATMs).Video OutputVideo displays are the most common type of computer output.VolatilityMemory (such as electronic semiconductor memory) that loses its contents when electrical power is interrupted. WandA handheld optical character recognition device used for data entry by many transaction terminals. WorkstationA computer terminal or micro- or minicomputer system designed to support the work of one person. Also, a highpowered computer to support the work of professionals in engineering, science, and other areas that require extensive computing power and graphics capabilities.V. DISCUSSION QUESTIONSDo you agree with the statement The network is the computer? What trends are occurring in the development and use of the major types of computer systems?Do you think of that network computers (NCs) will replace personal computers (PCs) in business applications?Are networks of PCs and servers making mainframe computers obsolete? What trends are occur ring in the development and use of peripheral devices? why are those trends occurring?When would you recommend the use of each of the following Network computersNetPCsNetwork terminalsInformation appliances in business applicationsWhat processor, memory, magnetic disk storage, and video display capabilities would you require for a personal computer that you would use for business purposes? What other peripheral devices and capabilities would you want to have for your business PC?